Izinketho Ezingapheli: Izinketho Zokuhweba Ku-Infinity Nangaphezulu

Hlola ukuvela kwezinketho ze-crypto kanye nekusasa elingapheli, okuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-panoption, nezinselelo ze-liquidity kanye nokwabiwa kwezindawo.

I-Crypto yazalelwa ukuphazamisa umhlaba wezezimali, futhi, nakuba kungenjalo ngendlela uSatoshi Nakamoto ayehlosile. Ngokwanda kakhulu, kwakhula kwaba inkundla yokudlala enkulu yokuqagela. Abahwebi abazange baneliseke ngokuhweba kwendawo futhi baphendulele amehlo abo kokunye okuphuma kuyo njengekusasa nezinketho.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlukanisa izinketho-ukuthi zihluke kanjani kwekusasa kanye nokuvela kwezinketho ezingapheli ekuhwebeni okumaphakathi nokunwetshiwe. Siphinde sihlole amaphutha nezinselele bese siqagela ukuthi ikusasa lisiphatheleni. Hlala uqinise, futhi ake sicwilise phakathi!

Ikusasa

Inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo yisivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zokuthenga/ukuthengisa impahla ethile (okuyisisekelo) ngesikhathi esinikeziwe esikhathini esizayo. Ekuqaleni, ikusasa lasungulwa ukuze kubiyelwe izingozi ezihlobene nempahla efana nesoya, uwoyela ongahluziwe, noma igolide. Umthengisi angasetha inani ngaphambi kokuthi alethe okuyisisekelo futhi avumele umthengi acabange ezinye zezingozi. Njengoba ungakutholi okuyisisekelo lapho usayina inkontileka, akudingekile ukuthi ukhokhe inani eliphelele. Kunalokho, idiphozithi elingana nengxenye yenani lesikhundla sakho iyona kuphela oyidingayo ukuze ugcine le nkontileka isebenza. Ngakho-ke, ungasayina inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo ebiza u-$100 ngo-$10 kuphela futhi uma intengo ikhuphuka ngo-10% iye ku-$110, uzothola inzuzo engu-100% ($10). Amandla anjalo okuzuza futhi alungele abatshalizimali be-crypto abafuna ukukhulisa imbuyiselo yabo.

Ekugcineni, othile wabona ukuthi awudingi ukuletha umkhiqizo ngesikhathi esinikeziwe ngoba imali ye-crypto izohlala ikhona. Inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo engaphelelwa yisikhathi ibonakala ilinga kunoma ubani ofuna u-100X utshalomali lwakhe.

Kukhona i-caveat eyodwa, nokho. Selokhu uSatoshi Nakamoto ekhiphe iphepha lakhe elimhlophe elidumile, iningi labantu bomphakathi we-crypto belilangazelela imali ye-crypto. Njengomphumela, imakethe yekusasa izobuswa abathengi, okwenza intengo yekusasa ibe phezulu ngendlela ehlekisayo kunentengo yayo.

Izinkontileka zekusasa lendabuko nazo zinale nkinga kodwa imakethe inendlela yokuyilawula. Lezi zinkontileka ziphelelwa yisikhathi, ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukuchezuka phakathi kwentengo yesikhathi esizayo kanye nentengo yendawo kuyanyamalala kancane kancane njengoba idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi isondela.Kwenzeka ngoba umehluko phakathi kokuthenga emakethe yesikhathi esizayo kanye nemakethe yendawo iba yincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Okufanayo akunakushiwo ngekusasa elingapheli. Njengoba manje zingaphelelwa yisikhathi, singase singaluboni usuku lapho isisekelo sishabalala ngaso. Kumele kwenziwe okuthile.

Okokugcina, asazi ukuthi kwenzekani lapho i-BitMEX isungula ikusasa eliphakade kodwa njengoba lezi zinkontileka ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi ukushintshaniswa okungapheli, umuntu angacabanga nje ukuthi banqume ukuboleka indlela evela ezinkontilekeni zokushintshanisa - isivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zokushintshanisa ukuhamba kwemali, ngokuvamile okusetshenziselwa ukubiyela ubungozi bokweqa izinga lenzalo yemalimboleko noma ukushintshanisa inani phakathi kwezikhundla ezimbili.

Ngale ndlela, abathengi nabathengisi besikhathi esizayo baphakade kufanele bashintshisane ngemali ephumayo (ukwenza 'izinkokhelo zoxhaso') ngokususela kumehluko phakathi kwentengo yekusasa eliyisisekelo kanye nenani elikhona. Uma intengo yekusasa iphakeme (ukuhweba okuyisisekelo ngeprimiyamu), abathengi bathengile abathengisi. Ngalezo zikhathi, indlela yesilinganiso soxhaso iyalela abathengi ukuthi bakhokhele abathengisi ngokuya ngosayizi wabo wezikhundla. Ngale ndlela, abathengisi bazoba nesizathu esanele sokubambelela ezikhundleni zabo ezimfushane futhi abathengi bazothola ama-akhawunti abo omile uma begcina izikhundla zabo ezinde zivulekile unomphela.

Izinketho

Isizathu sokuthi sichithe amakhulukhulu amagama sikhuluma ngekusasa elingapheli esihlokweni esinikezwe izinketho ukuthi sifisa ukukhombisa ukuthi ukususa okuhlukile okubonakala kungabalulekile (idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi) ethuluzini lezezimali kungaholela ekungalinganini okuphawulekayo emakethe futhi kuthathe ezinye zezingqondo ezintsha kakhulu ukuyilungisa ngokwethula indlela entsha.

Izinketho zokuqonda

Izinketho zifana ncamashi nekusasa, ngaphandle kwezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo ezibeka kuzo zombili izinhlangothi isibopho sokushintsha impahla ethile ngesikhathi esithile, kuyilapho izinketho zibanika ilungelo kuphela. Unethuba lokufaka ephaketheni inzuzo yakho uma inketho yakho isemalini (ITM), futhi uyiphonse emgqonyeni uma isiphumile emalini (OTM).

Kanjalo, izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo zingafakwa intengo ngokusekelwe enanini lazo lokungena kodwa izinketho kufanele zikhokhise iprimiyamu ngokusayina le nkontileka. Le phrimiyamu inani umthengi alikhokhayo umthengisi (umbhali) futhi izinketho ngentengo ngayinye ithikhi zakha imakethe ngokwazo. Abathengi bakhululekile ukukhetha okuphansi kakhulu abangakuthola ngesisekelo esithile ngentengo ethile yesiteleka. Nakulokhu, ukususa isithiyo esisodwa (isibopho sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa) ethuluzini lezezimali kuholela kokunye okuphuma kokunye okuhluke ngokuphelele.

Izinketho zendabuko sezivele zinikeza abatshalizimali ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokukhiya inzuzo kanye nezingozi zokubiyela. Ungabamba isikhundla eside ngokuyisisekelo ngenkathi uthenga inketho yokubeka yosayizi ofanayo ngokuyisisekelo esifanayo ngentengo efanayo. Ngale ndlela, uma intengo yehla, isikhundla sakho eside siyalahleka kodwa inani lilingana nenzuzo yakho kuphela okukhethwa kukho kokubeka (noma umthengisi wayo), okukushiya ulahlekelwa yimali oyikhokha kuphela ngokubeka kwakho. Uma intengo ikhuphuka, isikhundla sakho eside sizozuza futhi ungaphonsa inketho yakho yokubeka i-OTM emgqonyeni.

Njengoba ubonile, ngisho nezinketho eziphelelwa yisikhathi sezivele ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunekusasa. UBlack, Scholes, kanye noMerton bawine uMklomelo KaNobel ngokwenza ifomula yokulinganisa izinketho zesitoko. Kodwa kuthiwani uma sithatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo futhi sisusa idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ezinkethweni, njengalokho esikwenzile kwakusasa?

Ukuncika endleleni

Kunezindlela ezimbili esizinakayo. Eyodwa ihlongozwe iParadigm kanye noSam Bankman-Fried odume kabi ocwaningweni lwabo olunesihloko esithi ' Everlasting Options ', kanti enye iPanoptic.

Izinketho ezihlala njalo: Imodeli yoxhaso yamazwe ngamazwe ye-liquidity ephumelelayo kanye ne-arbitrage

Kuleli phepha, ababhali bahlongoze indlela yoxhaso yomhlaba wonke yokuphuma kokunye ngokusekelwe kumehluko phakathi kwentengo yomaka kanye nenani lenkomba lokuyisisekelo (kwekusasa) noma inkontileka ngokwayo (ngokwezinketho). Lena inguqulo evamile yendlela yokuxhasa ngezimali yesikhathi esizayo engapheli futhi isekelwa imodeli yamanani e-no-arbitrage yokuthi lapho kunenzuzo engaba khona, kuzoba nama-arbitragers ukuze bayisebenzise ngokugcwele. Endabeni yekusasa elingapheli, abathengi bazokhokha abathengisi lapho inani lentengo liphezulu kunentengo yendawo noma esimweni sezinketho zaphakade, lapho inani lentengo liphezulu kunenzuzo engaba khona.

Le ndlela yokusebenza yendawo yonke idlala ama-arbitrageuers futhi imisebenzi enjalo ilungele ukushintshaniswa okumaphakathi njengoba izibalo nezinkokhelo zingenziwa ngama-millisecond ngenjini yazo yokuhweba eyinkimbinkimbi esebenza kumaseva amakhulu. Ngempela, ababhali bashilo ukuthi imakethe yezinketho ze-crypto yendabuko iyiphupho elibi (ngamagama ethu) kubenzi bezimakethe ngoba kunezimakethe eziningi okufanele zenziwe. Izinketho zabo zaphakade zilingana nobhasikidi wezinketho ezinezikhathi zokuphelelwa yisikhathi ezihlukene nezisindo ezilingana nokuphambana no-2 emandleni yenani lemijikelezo yoxhaso ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuphela. Ngale ndlela, abenzi bezimakethe bangagxilisa imali yabo kulawa mabhasikidi esikhundleni sokusabalalisa ezimakethe eziyi-100.

Kodwa into ekhona, akekho othe izinketho zingathengiswa kuphela ngokuhwebelana okumaphakathi nezikhungo ezinkulu njengabakhi bemakethe/abahlinzeki bemali. I-ecosystem ehlukaniselwe indawo idinga izimiso eziyisisekelo, kanye nezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu nezinzima ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile.

Imibono: Inguquko ephefumulelwe ye-Uniswap, engenawo ama-oracle

Faka i-Panoptic ngezinketho zakho ezingapheli (' I-Panoptions '). Ngokuqhathanisa inketho yokubeka ku-Uniswap V3 liquidity pool, baphakamise le nketho ye-on-chain engapheli.

Amachibi e-Uniswap V3 avumela abahlinzeki bemali ukuthi bafake izimpahla ezingu-2 futhi bathole izinkokhelo uma isilinganiso senani phakathi kwalezi zimpahla ezingu-2 singaphakathi kwebanga elithile. Uma ingaphandle kwebanga, imali yakho yemali iba ngu-100% wempahla ngentengo ephansi. Izinketho zokubeka i-Panoptic empeleni ziyi-liquidity egxilile efakwe endaweni yentengo eyodwa - intengo yayo yesiteleka. Ake senze sengathi ubambe inketho yokubeka ye-ETH-USDT Panoptic. Uma intengo ye-ETH idlula inani lesiteleka, le nketho yokubeka i-OTM futhi iba ngu-100% USDT. Uma intengo ye-ETH ingaphansi kwentengo yesiteleka, umthengi anganikeza u-1 ETH kumthengisi ngokushintshanisa yonke i-USDT esechibini, athole umehluko phakathi kwentengo yesiteleka kanye nenani alikhokhele leyo 1 ETH.

Izinketho zekholi ye-panoptic zisebenza ngokufana ncamashi ngaphandle kokuthi amafa ama-2 kufanele ashintshe izindawo.

Kodwa lokho kuyingxenye yefomula kuphela. Kusadingeka sibeke amanani ama-Panoptions ngokuwakhokhela. Ngokuphambene nezinketho ezivamile, ama-Panoptions awakhokhisi imali ngaphambili futhi acabange ukuthi inani lezinketho lingabonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Hlangana no-θ, uhlamvu lwesiGreki olusetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinga lokwehla kwenani lenketho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma ufunde okuphuma kokunye (okuyingxenye yezibalo), ubuzokwazi ukuthi okuphuma ku-mileage ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yisivinini - izinga/isivinini semayela lakho liyakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi ngokuhlanganisa isivinini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uthola imayela. Ngokwethiyori, okufanayo kuya ngezinketho: uma sihlanganisa u-θ, 'isivinini senani', ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sithola inani.

Siyakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba kunenye ifomula ethi θ esikhundleni sokwenza okuphuma kokunye:

Lapho u-S esho inani lendawo yempahla eyisisekelo (noma yamanje), u-σ ukuguquguquka kwempahla, u-K inani lesiteleka, futhi t isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi.

Qaphela ukuthi le fomula inephutha njengoba sicabangele izinga lenzalo elingu-0 elingenabungozi kuyilapho empeleni lingase libe phezulu kakhulu. Kodwa kuphakeme kangakanani? Ingabe kufanele sithathe isilinganiso senzalo ku-Binance Earn, staking ye-ETH, i-Aave Lend, noma inzalo enqatshelwe ezulwini, amabhondi ezimali? Lo mbuzo ungathatha imboni ukuthi iwuphendule.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi, asikasho lutho mayelana nezibikezelo ngoba ngokuxhuma i-Panoptions ku-pool ehambisanayo ye-Uniswap V3, le sistimu ngeke iphinde idinge i-oracle inqobo nje uma kukhona abadayisi abanele abashintshanisa amathokheni ngaleli chibi.

Ngale ndlela, sinenketho yokulingisa ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile, iprimiyamu encike endleleni yenani kodwa engenawo amazwi, kanye nolwazi oluqinile kokuphuma kokunye, kokubili kwezezimali nezibalo. Cishe sesikulungele ngaphezu kwama-99.9% abantu emhlabeni ukuthi bahwebe ngezinketho.

Izinketho ezingapheli ku-chain

I-Panoptic yakha i-ecosystem yonke yokuhweba yezinketho ngezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Abahlanganyeli bahlukaniswe ngabahlinzeki bemali, abathengisi abangakhetha, nabathengi abangakhetha.

Ngaphambi kokuthi noma ubani enze noma yini, abahlinzeki bezimali kufanele baqale bafake izimpahla endaweni yokuthenga izikweletu. Abathengisi nabathengi kufanele bafake isibambiso sabo. Abathengisi kudingeka baqale bavale ucingo lwabo noma bakhethe ngokukhokha ikhomishini engu-0.1% futhi bavale (ukuboleka) inani elithile lemali engenayo ngentengo yesiteleka. Ngemuva kwalokho, abathengi bangathenga lezi zinketho ngokukhokha inani elifanayo lekhomishini, bavale imali eyengeziwe, futhi bamise isikhundla sabo.

Njengoba i-premium yethu iqoqwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele kube ne-premium engu-0 lapho inketho isanda kuthengiswa. Esikhundleni salokho, abathengisi bazonikezwa i-premium yokusakaza njalo uma intengo yendawo yeqa intengo yesiteleka.

Lapho besebenzisa izinketho zabo, abathengi bazobuyisela imali abayibolekile kanye ne-premium ngenkathi bethola inombolo (yezinketho zokubeka) noma impahla eyisisekelo (yezinketho zezingcingo).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Panoptions ihlakaniphile. Ngokuhlanganisa izinketho nge-Uniswap V3 pools kanye ne-premium yokukhokha lapho inketho isetshenziswa, yonke inqubo idluliselwa ku-blockchain. Noma ubani angakwazi ukufinyelela lawa mathuluzi ezezimali inqobo nje uma azi indlela yakhe mayelana nezikhwama zemali nezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Ngaphansi kwezinga lethokheni le-ERC-1155, ungahlanganisa izinketho ezimbalwa zibe yithokheni eyodwa ukuze uthole ubungozi obuqhubekayo nokushintshashintsha ngokwezifiso noma uphinde uphinde uqambe omunye umuntu osanda kwabiwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ama-Panoptions engenziwa ngenkokhelo engu-0 kanye nemali engu-0.1%, ubani okufanele avimbe ama-arbitragers ekuthengeni izinketho ze-ITM ngaphambi kokuba azisebenzise ngokushesha ukuze bathole inzuzo eqinisekisiwe? Ngemva kwezifundo ezimbalwa ezibizayo, ubani ongakhuthaza abathengisi ukuthi benze izikhundla ze-ITM ukuze balahlekelwe yimali? Ngezinketho ze-OTM kuphela, imakethe izophithizela njengebhakede elingenalutho.

Ukuthola i-f(umthetho) kuxhaso nezezimali

Lokho akusho ukuthi indlela emaphakathi ayinasici. Indlela yokuxhasa ngemali yendawo yonke ingaba yinhle uma uxhaso lubalwa futhi lwenziwa njalo nge-nanosecond. Kodwa uma umjikelezo wokuxhasa ngezimali usunwetshiwe ufinyelele emahoreni angu-8, izinto eziningi zingenzeka ngaphambi nangemva kokuba izinkokhelo zoxhaso zenziwe. Abantu bangase bavule isikhundla imizuzwana engu-0.01 ngaphambi kokuxhaswa ngezimali futhi basivale ngokushesha ngemva kokuthola izinkokhelo zoxhaso, okuholela ekuguquguqukeni okungavamile ngesikhathi sokuthola imali.

Uma sithatha igxathu elibuyela emuva, indlela yokuxhasa ngezimali imane nje iyibhande elishaywa kumuntu onekhanda elibuhlungu okuyizinketho ze-CEX-traded crypto. Isithiyo sangempela esibambe ukushintshana okuningi ekuletheni izinketho ukuntuleka kwezimali.

Uma ukubheka okokuqala, izinketho ze-crypto zibonakala ziyithuluzi elihle eliziqhayisa ngentshisekelo evulekile efanayo nekusasa elingapheli:

Uma empeleni, imakethe yezinketho ihlukaniswe yaba amakhulukhulu ezimakethe ezingaphansi, ngayinye inokuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhlukile, intengo yesiteleka, kanye nokuhlinzeka nokufunwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-liquidity ihlukaniswa ibe inqwaba yezingcezu futhi ukusabalala kwezinye izimakethe ezincane kungase kubangele ulaka. Futhi lokho nje Bitcoin. Hamba ku-Bybit, i-2nd/3rd CEX, futhi ubheke izinketho ze-Solana, i-crypto yesi-4 enkulu kunazo zonke (ingabalwa ama-stablecoins) efuna ukudlula u-Ether, uzothola cishe ingxenye yezimakethe ezingaphansi zingenalutho. Izinketho ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kubatshalizimali ngaphandle kokuqonda okuhlelekile kwezezimali nokutshalwa kwezimali, okungenani uma uthi nhlá nje. Ayinabo nobungane kubenzi bemakethe, njengoba kushiwo ku-Path dependency.

Kubonakala sengathi kufanele sifundise bonke abathengisi ngezinzuzo zezinketho futhi sibameme ukuthi bahwebe ngalawa mathuluzi amahle. Izimakethe zingenziwa inqobo nje uma kukhona abadayisi abanele. Kodwa lokho kungenye nje i-bandaid ekhanda elibuhlungu nakakhulu.

Uma ubheke ukuhwebelana ngokuphuma kokunye kwe-crypto, kunezindawo ezi-2 ongaya kuzo: i-CEX ne-DEX. Ama-CEX ngokuvamile ayashesha ngemali eyengeziwe kodwa kufanele udlule kunqubo enzima ye-KYC futhi ubeke izimali zakho ezandleni zabanye. Ama-DEX akunikeza ukulawula nenkululeko okwengeziwe kodwa awasheshi noma asebenza kahle njengama-CEX. Esimeni sayo samanje, i-blockchain ayisoze yaba yindawo efanelekile yabahwebi abasezingeni eliphakeme noma besikhungo abasebenzisa imali enkulu abangakhetha isivinini ngaphezu kokuhlukaniswa nokungabikho kwemvume nganoma yiluphi usuku. Ama-DEX amaningi azobheka ukubeka endaweni eyodwa izixhumanisi ezi-1 noma ezimbalwa kuphrothokholi yawo njengebhuku loku-oda, injini yokufanisa ama-oda, isizindalwazi, abenzi bezimakethe nokunye ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle nokuheha izikhungo ezinkulu ezinamaphakethe ajulile. Ngenxa yalokhu, izikhungo ezimaphakathi zizoba nezwi eliningi kulezi zivumelwano futhi ekugcineni, zingase zivele zibe ama-CEX e-on-chain lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezifundazwe kungeyona into kodwa kuyigama.

Injalo imboni yezezimali. Lapho ngisho nomphetho omncane ungase ubeke phambili futhi uthole izigidigidi zamaRandi, abasindile bazobheka ukwakha izindonga eziphakeme neziphakeme futhi basebenzisane nabadlali abavela kuzo zonke izigaba ukuze bavikele izintshisekelo zabo. Kumuntu osanda kufika, izwe lezezimali liyihlathi elimnyama kakhulu njengoba i-Ethereum injalo nakuba ingekho eyenzelwe ukuthi ibe ekuqaleni. Abantu abangafundile bayohlala bedliwa bephila endaweni enobutha obunjalo kuyilapho abasindile bedla izinsalela zabo futhi bakhule babe amabhemu amakhulu kakhulu ukuba angawa. Ekugcineni, lezi ziqhwaga zezezimali zizoba nobumnandi obukhulu ngokudlala ngemikhiqizo edidiyelwe, ephindwe kane njenge-MBS engadini ebiyelwe ngodonga emaphakathi kakhulu kuyilapho abantu bangaphandle bezokwenza noma yini ukuze bathole imvume yokungena.

U-Satoshi Nakamoto wasungula i-Bitcoin ukuze ilwe ne-centralization kodwa manje, i-cryptocurrencies ingase ibe enye indawo lapho izikhungo zithatha izimali zabantu ngabanye futhi zibajikijele ithambo elilodwa noma amabili njalo.

Ukubheka ikusasa

Kodwa ikusasa aliyona yonke inhlekelele. Impela kuzoba khona izingqondo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ezizama ukusungula izinketho ezingapheli kanye nokushumayela leli thuluzi lezezimali. Izinketho ezivuna abatshalizimali besikhathi eside ngamathuba amancane okulamula zingasungulwa futhi i-blockchain iyindawo ekahle kubo. Ukukhishwa kwe-akhawunti kungase kugcine ilethe amakhulu ezigidi zabasebenzisi abasha futhi ngabo, ukukhokha okuhlukene kungase kungabi inkinga. Abahwebi abakwazisa ukunwetshwa kwezindawo kanye nobumfihlo basazokwazi ukudlala futhi bakhulise eyabo imidlalo. Izivumelwano ezimbalwa ze-boutique zingase ziphile phakathi neminyaka futhi ekugcineni zitholwe uquqaba.

Uma sibheka emuva, izinketho ezingapheli zingase zingabi yimpendulo efanele esiyifunayo. Zingenye yezinto eziphuma kuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinenhlansi yokuqanjwa kabusha kwe-crypto kodwa esimweni sayo samanje, kumane kuthathwe ethuluzini lezezimali lendabuko elikude kakhulu nokwabiwa kwezindawo njengebhakede elingenalutho. Ukuze siphazamise imali endala, kungase kudingeke sakhe entsha kusukela phansi.

Inguqulo yalesi sihloko ishicilelwe ekuqaleni lapha .