Barakuzi Kurenze Wowe Wowe ubwawe - Igenzura rya Capitalism kandi ni Ingaruka Zimyitwarire

Imbonerahamwe

1 Intangiriro

2 Ingoma nshya yo kugenzura Capitalism

3 Kwamamaza Intego

4 Ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare na Politiki

5 Wibande kumyitwarire myiza

5.1 Urwego rwingirakamaro

5.2 Urwego rwa Deontologiya

5.3 Kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye hagati ya Utilitarianism na Deontology

6 Imyanzuro, Gushimira, hamwe na Reba

Igenzura rya capitalism nigitekerezo gisobanura imyitozo yo gukusanya no gusesengura umubare munini wamakuru wabakoresha hagamijwe kwamamaza kugamije hamwe nubundi buryo bwo gukoresha amafaranga. Iyi phenomenon imaze kugaragara cyane mumyaka yashize, hamwe namasosiyete yikoranabuhanga nka Google na Facebook akoresha amakuru yihariye yabakoresha kugirango batange ibintu byihariye hamwe niyamamaza. Urundi rugero rwo kugenzura capitalism ni ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare mu gukusanya no gusesengura amakuru hagamijwe umutekano w’igihugu. Ni muri urwo rwego, igenzura rya capitalism ririmo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga nko kumenyekanisha mu maso no gukurikirana imbuga nkoranyambaga kugira ngo hakusanyirizwe hamwe amakuru ku bantu ku giti cyabo ndetse n’amatsinda afatwa nkaho ashobora guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu. Aya makuru noneho akoreshwa mukumenyesha ibikorwa bya gisirikare no gufata ibyemezo. Uru rupapuro rurashaka gusesengura muburyo bukomeye ibintu byo kugenzura imitekerereze ya capitalism, yatanzwe muburyo bubiri butandukanye. Utilitarianism, amahame mbwirizamuco ashingiye ku bikorwa asuzuma ibikorwa bishingiye ku bushobozi bwabo bwo kuzana umunezero mwinshi cyangwa umunezero mwinshi ku bantu benshi, hamwe na Kantian deontology, inyigisho y’imyitwarire idahwitse ishimangira akamaro k'ubwigenge bwa buri muntu, umudendezo, n'icyubahiro. Ku ruhande rumwe, uburyo bwa utilitarian bumurikira uburyo Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho (IT) hamwe nibintu byatanzwe bitanga, ukireba, imyumvire myiza yose kubantu benshi, umunezero, imyidagaduro, no kwinezeza. Kurundi ruhande, urwego rwa Kantian deontologiya rwibanda cyane cyane kubijyanye nubwisanzure nubushake bwumuntu. Iyi nsanganyamatsiko ifitanye isano cyane cyane n’uruhushya rwo kubona amakuru mu guhindura serivisi n’urwego rw’ingaruka manipulation ikorwa na capitalism yo kugenzura ishobora kubyara.

1 Intangiriro

Kongera abaguzi, ubucuruzi bwamasosiyete akomeye nimbaraga zibihugu, imbuga nkoranyambaga n’imitwe ya politiki bikora uburyo bwo gukoresha imbere no mu mutima biri mu gitekerezo cya Surveillance Capitalism. Muri iyi nyandiko, nzagerageza kwerekana iki kintu gishya, gishobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe kwamamaza no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, muburyo bubiri butandukanye bwimyitwarire, utilitarianiste hamwe na Kantiyani. Ingano ni ukumurika ishingiro ningaruka ukurikije izi nzego zitandukanye. By'umwihariko, Nzatangira nsobanura igitekerezo cya Surveillance Capitalism nuburyo bigaragara muri iki gihe. Nzasesengura byimbitse bimwe mubihe bikunze kugaragara kwisi aho iki kintu gishobora kugaragara mubikorwa, ni ukuvuga kwamamaza kugamije no gukoresha agahato haba mubutegetsi bwigitugu ndetse no mubihugu bya demokarasi. Hanyuma nzasesengura izi ngingo zijyanye n'amahame mbwirizamuco yatanzwe, kuva kuruhande rumwe "imperuka yerekana inzira" no kurundi ruhande urwego rwinshingano nkibanze, ntangiza indi mirimo ya filozofiya nkunganira isesengura ryanjye.

Urupapuro rwateguwe muburyo bukurikira. Igice cya 2 kizasobanura Igenzura rya Capitalism, risobanura ibiranga ibintu byingenzi. Igice cya 3 n'icya 4 bizibanda ku gusesengura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Surveillance Capitalism mu buryo bwo kwamamaza no gukoresha abantu muri politiki no mu gisirikare. By'umwihariko, ibi bintu nyabyo byo gusesengura byatoranijwe kubera ko bihagarariye cyane ibikenewe muri sosiyete ya none. Kuruhande rumwe iyamamaza ryerekanwe ryerekana ubushake bwo kugura ibicuruzwa no gushobora kubona byoroshye ibyifuzo byose (urugero kuvumbura byoroshye ahantu hashya, ibihe, numutungo). Ku rundi ruhande, umutekano w’imibereho n’igihugu, bifitanye isano na politiki ndetse n’intambara ya gisirikare ni ingingo abantu bumva cyane muri iki gihe, kubera ubworoherane budasanzwe ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bishobora gukorwa muri iki gihe. Igice 5.1 kiributsa ibi bintu, cyane cyane iyamamaza ryerekanwe, rifitanye isano cyane no kwinezeza no kwidagadura, muburyo bwa utilitarian, nyuma yo gusobanura ingingo zingenzi zurwego. Igice 5.2 kizagira inzira imwe n’ingingo ya 5.1, ikoreshwa mu rwego rw’imirimo yasabwe na Kant kandi yibanda cyane ku bintu bifitanye isano na politiki, kuko ihagarariye imyumvire y’inshingano n'inshingano ku bantu no ku gihugu. Igice 5.3 kizasoza isesengura, cyimbitse ubushakashatsi bwibintu byombi muburyo bubiri bwimyitwarire. Bizanagaragaza itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati yuburyo bubiri nagaciro kabo, mugihe imyanzuro yafashwe mugice cya 6.

2 Ingoma nshya yo kugenzura Capitalism

Ikwirakwizwa ryinshi rya interineti ryazanye muri sosiyete iriho aho uburyo nyamukuru bwo kwinjiza umutungo kuri interineti no binyuze ku mbuga bwite (nka porogaramu) ari ugukurikirana abaturage. Iki kintu cyemerera kongera inyungu zituruka kumasosiyete ya digitale afite monopole ya societe. Gukoresha Digital igenzura byahinduye cyane imiterere yo kwamamaza. Noneho, ibisobanuro bya sisitemu ni ukubura ubuzima bwite. Ibyahishuwe na Edward Snowden kuri Prism ya NSA ya 2013 ni urugero rwuburyo bwo guhuza byimazeyo igisirikare n’amasosiyete akomeye ya mudasobwa-interineti. Hariho ingero nyinshi za koperative igice, igice cyo gusangira byemewe n'amategeko gusangira amakuru ushobora kuboneka mugihe cya Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, nabandi. Izi sosiyete zahinduye imibare kuva kuri konti ibihumbi icumi ku bantu ku giti cyabo buri mezi atandatu haba muri NSA ndetse n’izindi nzego z’ubutasi, ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’imibare bwashyikirijwe guverinoma rwihishwa [1]. Mu bikorwa, nk'uko byagaragajwe, NSA yabonye amakuru kuri terefone zigendanwa zituruka kuri miliyoni amagana z'Abanyamerika ndetse n'abaturage bo mu mahanga - bakora neza Boundless Informant, Prism, n'indi mishinga y'ibanga. Intego ya nyuma yari iyo kubyaza umusaruro ikoranabuhanga rishya rya gisirikare no gushyiraho monopoliya nini kuri interineti ku isi mu gihe twagura uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru mu gisirikare. Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu nyuguti nkuru, urugero rwerekana icyerekezo cyerekana imiterere ihuriweho n’imari shingiro y’imari mu gihe cy’igenzura rya digitale itangwa n’imikorere ya “securitisation” igenda ihagarara icyarimwe ku isi yiganjemo ibintu byagaragaye muri [ 1, 3]. Mu magambo arambuye:

1. Ubucuruzi bukomoka ku mari

   
   

2. Umuyoboro wo kugenzura ibya leta n'abikorera

   
   

3. Igisirikare cya sisitemu yo kugenzura umutekano

   
   

4. Gukuraho inzira zubucamanza kugenzura neza abasivili

Igenzura rishobora kubonwa gusa nkikusanyirizo ryubuhanga bushobora guhuriza hamwe ingingo zigenga amabwiriza (ibisobanuro byambere), hamwe no kwitondera intego, gahunda, kandi bigamije kugenzura imibereho (gusobanura kabiri). Nubwo ubutegetsi bwigitugu bushobora kwakira igisobanuro cya kabiri, kubona Igenzura nkigikoresho cyo gushimangira kugenzura abantu, sisitemu ya capitaliste na demokarasi irashobora guha agaciro Igenzura cyane kubwimpamvu zijyanye no gushyira mu gaciro kwayo, ubushobozi mu mibereho myiza, no kumva neza. Muri rusange, hagomba kumenyekana uko byagenda kose ko Igenzura rigomba guhuzwa kandi n’ubukungu bwaryo kandi ibyo ntabwo ari inzira yo kugenzura imibereho [2]. Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye bifitanye isano na Surveillance Capitalism, nkuko bigaragara no mubintu nyamukuru byimpapuro, ni ukuvuga kwamamaza intego hamwe no gukoresha agahato, ni asimmetrie muri

isaranganya ryimbaraga zitangwa no kugarura amakuru yabantu batazi iki gikorwa (bizwi kandi byaganiriweho nyuma yo guhishura ifirimbi). Uburemere bwizo mbaraga bwibanze mu biganza byabakinnyi bafite ubushobozi kandi bashobora gucunga amakuru yagaruwe [3].