Ethereum's yaifungidzirwa yekuwedzera gasi yekuwedzera ine chinangwa chekuwedzera scalability, yakaderera mari yekutengeserana, uye kuvhura mikana mitsva yedapps nekuwedzera network network. Nekudaro, inosimudza kufunga kwakakomba nezve decentralization, validator hardware zvinodiwa, MEV mutsauko, uye kukanganisa kwekugadzikana kwetiweki.

Nhanganyaya

Nharaunda yeEthereum munguva pfupi yapfuura yave iine mhirizhonga nehurukuro pamusoro pekugona kuwedzera kwegasi. Iyo pfungwa yekuwedzera gasi muganho inonzwa intuitive, sezvo ichienderana nekudiwa kwevashandisi kwepamusoro transaction throughput uye inoratidza kukura kwechisikigo kwetiweki simba nekufamba kwenguva. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda uye nhengo dzenharaunda dzakaratidza kutsigirwa kwakasimba , vachipikisa kuti Ethereum yakagadzirira kuchinja uku uye kuti idanho rakakodzera panguva yekusimudzira zvakananga Ethereum scalability.

Chikumbiro ichi chakawanawo kukosha kukuru mukati menharaunda yakakura. Mawebhusaiti senge pumpthegas.org akagadzirwa nenharaunda kuti adzidzise mabhesikeri ekuwedzera gasi muganho, uye mabatiro anogona kuchinja node yavo. Imwe webhusaiti, gaslimit.pics , inoshingaira kutevera kufambira mberi kwekutsigirwa kwevagadziri vepamusoro pegasi yepamusoro-inoratidza kuti 25% yeEthereum validators (kubvira 21 December 2024) vakatogadzirisa zvigadziro zvevatengi vavo vachifarira kuwedzera. Kana pamusoro pe50% yevagadziri vanobvumirana pamusoro pekuwedzera gasi muganhu uye kushandura magadzirirwo avo evatengi, Ethereum's gasi muganhu uchatanga kusimuka uye ugare wakadzikama pane chinangwa chakawedzerwa.

Zvinonyanya kukosha, chikumbiro ichi chinomiririra mutsauko kubva kuEthereum's rollup-centric roadmap. Kusiyana neazvino scalability kuvandudzwa senge EIP-4844 uye EIP-7691, iyo inotarisa rollup scaling uye blob transaction, kuwedzera gasi muganho inzira yeL1 yekuyera.

Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvakafadza dzimwe nzvimbo dzenharaunda, zvakakonzerawo kunetseka pakati pevatsvakurudzi pamusoro pengozi dzinogona kuitika kune Ethereum's core values of decentralization uye kuchengeteka. Vatsoropodzi vanoyambira kuti yakakura yakaipisisa-yakavharika saizi inogona kuomesera chibvumirano uye kuwedzera validator hardware zvinodiwa, zvinogona kutyisidzira kugadzikana kwetiweki.

Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora kwakabva gasi remuganho wegasi, kukanganisa kwaro, uye hunyanzvi uye zvimwe zvinongedzo zvinotsigira nhaurirano dzirikuitika.

Nhoroondo pfupi yezvikumbiro zvekuwedzera Ethereum gasi muganhu

Pfungwa yekuwedzera Ethereum gasi muganhu yakakurukurwa kwenguva yakati. Munguva yeEthereum AMA muna Ndira 2024, Vitalik Buterin akakurudzira kuti kukwidza gasi muganhu kusvika 40M kunogona kuenderana neMutemo waMoore, zvichiratidza kuvandudzwa kwakatsiga kwehunyanzvi hwehardware.

Sezvineiwo, Ethereum haisati yagadzirisa gasi rayo kubva muna Kubvumbi 2021 - anopfuura makore matatu apfuura - kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwakakura kwehardware panguva ino. Vazhinji zvino vanotenda kuti yave nguva yekuti Ethereum azvidavirire pamusoro pezviitiko izvi.

Nguva pfupi yadarika, zvikumbiro zvakanangana pane chimwe chinangwa chakanyanya: kupeta gasi muganho kusvika 60M. Kunyangwe izvi zvichimiririra kusvetuka kwakakosha uye zvaunza mufaro, zvakasimudzawo kushushikana nezvenjodzi dzayo. 60M inonyanya kuonekwa sechinangwa chenguva refu pane chinangwa chekukurumidza. Muna Zvita 2024, Toni Wahrstätter akakurudzira nzira yekuchenjerera, ichikurudzira kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kusvika ku36M gasi - kukwira kwe20% - sedanho rekutanga rakachengeteka.

Parizvino, kusvika 36M gasi inoonekwa seyekutanga chiitiko, paine kumwe kuwedzera kunotarisirwa kutevera zvishoma nezvishoma, nhanho-nhanho nzira. Kunyatsocherechedza kwetiweki kuchave kwakakosha kuti uone kuti Ethereum inokosha yehutano hwekugadzikana uye kuendeswa kwemasimba kunochengetedzwa.

Iyo block gasi muganho ungashandurwa sei?

Iyo block gasi muganho inogona kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma pasina kuda forogo kana network shanduko yekutonga. Pane kudaro, vagadzirisi vanogadzirisa sarudzo dzavo dzekugadzirisa, vachigonesa kuenderana nekumashure uye vachibvumira nguva nenguva, shanduko inoshanduka zvichienderana nekubvumirana kwenharaunda.

Kusiyana nekutenda kwakakurumbira, Ethereum's block gas limit haina kugadziriswa pa30M. Iyo block proposer inogona kuigadzirisa zvishoma mukati meimwe miganhu. Kunyanya, iyo gasi muganho webhuroka inogona kuchinja kusvika 1/1024 yemuganho wegasi weiyo yapfuura block. Semuyenzaniso, kana gasi muganho wechivharo chazvino chiri 30 miriyoni, inogona kuwedzera kusvika 30M + 30M X (1/1024) = 30,029,296 mubhokisi rinotevera.

Iyo kodhi iri pasi apa inoratidza maitiro akasarudzika eEthereum node mugeth mutengi: kana gasi remuganho mutsva we block inowira mukati meiyo inogamuchirwa renji maererano nemubereki block, ichaonekwa seyakanaka.

Kana vanoteedzana block proposes vakabvuma kukwidza muganho, muganho wegasi unogona kuramba uchiwedzera. Semuyenzaniso, kusvika padanho rekutanga re36M-a 20% kuwedzera-kwaizotora angangoita log(1.2) / log(1025/1024) = 187 blocks = 38 maminetsi, mune yakanakira nyaya vachifunga kubvumirana pakati pevanosimbisa. Kamwe kupfuura 50% yevabvumidzi vanobvumirana, kuwedzera kunogona kuitika nekukurumidza.

Ndedzipi mhedzisiro dzatingatarisira kubva mukusimudza muganho wegasi?

Ngatitangei nezvimwe zvinofungidzirwa mhedzisiro yekuwedzera gasi muganho. Kuwedzera kwe block block kwaizoita kuti zvive nyore kubata ikozvino blockchain zvinoda, zvichitungamira kune yakaderera gasi muripo.

Munguva pfupi, kuderedzwa kwemari yegesi kunogona kuita kuti ETH shoma inopiswa pasi peEIP-1559 mechanism, ichiwedzera kuwedzera kweEthereum net net. Muitiro wakafanana wakaonekwa mushure meEIP-4844, apo yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya kuwanikwa kwedhata (DA) mubhadharo werollups wakakonzera kudzikira kweETH kupisa. Mhedzisiro imwechete inogona kuitika nekuwedzera kwegasi muganhu, zvichiwedzera kubatsira mukukwira kwenguva pfupi inflation.

Mukufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, mari yakaderera inogona kukurudzira yakakwirira network kuita, sezvo vazhinji vashandisi vanogona kukwanisa kuita. Ichi chakawedzera chiitiko chinogona kutyaira network yeEthereum, kukwezva mamwe maDApps uye kukurudzira kutorwa kwakakura. Sezvo Ethereum inova yakakosha kune yakatemerwa zvikumbiro uye masisitimu emari, ETH inogona kushandiswa kakawanda semari. Iko kunokonzera kushandiswa kweETH kwakakwirira kunogona, zvakare, kuwedzera kuwedzera kukura mukuita kwetiweki, kugadzira mhinduro yakanaka yeEthereum's ecosystem.

Kuvaka dapps nyowani kunogona kuitika mushure mekuwedzera kwegasi

Kupfuura yakaderedzwa gasi mubhadharo uye nekunatsiridza kuyerera kwekutengesa, kuwedzera gasi muganho mune imwechete block kunogona kuvhura mikana mitsva. Nepo kuwedzera kuri pakati nepakati kusvika ku36M kungasatungamira kune shanduko dzakakura, kusvetuka kukuru kusvika 60M kunogona kugonesa mhando nyowani dzedapps uye kutengeserana kwaimbove kudzvinyirirwa ne30M gasi muganho. Kumwe kuvhiya, kunoda kuzadza kana kudarika gasi iripo ikozvino ye30M, kunogona kuitwa nemazvo kana kugoneka kekutanga mushure mekuchinja.

Semuyenzaniso, kutengeserana kunoda gasi rakawanda, senge NFT batch minting, madonhwe makuru echiratidzo chemhepo, kana zviitiko zveDAO, zvinowanzosvika kana kudarika zvinogumira gasi re30M. Matekisheni aya anowanzo kupatsanurwa mumabhuroki akawanda, zvichikonzera kusashanda, kunonoka, uye kushandiswa kunogona kuitika. Muenzaniso chaiwo unoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pasi apa ndeyeNFT batch minting transaction, inopedza 28M gasi.

Kuwedzera iyo block gasi muganho kusvika 60M kwaizobvumira mashandiro akadaro kuti apedzwe mukati mebhuroka rimwe chete, kuve nechokwadi chekuuraya kweatomu. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kushanda kwese kunobudirira kana kukundikana, kudzivirira kupedzwa zvishoma uye kuona kururamisira kune vatori vechikamu uku ichideredza mikana yekunyengedza.

Pamusoro pekugadzirisa makesi ekushandisa aripo, muganho wepamusoro wegasi unogona kuvhura nzira yeDApps yekuvandudza inoda kushanda kwakasimba. Semuyenzaniso, pa-cheni AI zvikumbiro, senge diki-mwero modhi kudzidziswa kana kufungidzira, zvinogona kushanda neakakwira gasi miganho. Zvimwechetezvo, zvibvumirano zvehungwaru zvakaomesesa, zvakaita semitambo ye-on-chain kana nzira dzekutonga dzakaoma, zvinogona kubudirira munzvimbo yepamusoro-soro. Kufambira mberi uku kunogona kuwedzera mashandiro uye kukwezva kweEthereum, zvichiita kuti ecosystem iwedzere kuenderana.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kupeta kaviri muganho wegasi kunogona kuve nekupfuura kuenzana bhenefiti, sezvo zvaizoderedza kupatsanuka uye kuvhura mikana mitsva yaimbove isingaite.

Kuwedzera muganho wegasi kunorevei kune blockchain trilemma?

Kuwedzera gasi muganhu ndiko kuedza kuvandudza scalability yeEthereum. Muchirevo che blockchain trilemma , kuwana scalability yakakura kazhinji kunouya pamubhadharo we decentralization kana chengetedzo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chirevo chekusimudza gasi chinogumira chakonzera kusava nechokwadi, nekunetsekana kwekuti zvinogona kutungamirira kune centralization kuburikidza nekuwedzera validator zvinodiwa kana kuderedza kuchengetedzwa nekuderedza kugadzikana kwechibvumirano chebvumirano.

Nekudaro, vamiriri vanopokana kuti izvi hazvisi zvekukanganisa kuendesa matunhu kana kuchengetedzeka kuwedzera scalability. Pane kudaro, vanoigadzira sekusimudzira kuvandudza mukushanda kwehardware, sekutsanangurwa kwemutemo waMoore, kuwedzera huwandu hwese hwe blockchain. Mune maonero aya, "triangle" ye blockchain trilemma inogona kuwedzerwa, sezvo hardware yemazuva ano inobvumira hukuru hukuru hwehuwandu pasina kusvibisa Ethereum's core properties.

Kuti uongorore kana izvi zviri izvo zvechokwadi, zvakakosha kunyatsoongorora njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekusimudza gasi. Mafungiro ane chekuita nedecentralization anogona kusanganisira yakawedzera validator hardware zvinodiwa, uye sophistication yeMEV (Maximal Extractable Value) mazano. Panyaya yechengetedzo, isu tinofanirwa kufunga nezve yakawedzera yakaipisisa kesi block saizi, iyo nguva yekuuraya yekutengeserana, iyo inogona kukanganisa chiyero cheforogo kana yakapotsa slots.

Gasi muganho kuwedzera uye block saizi

Kuwedzera gasi muganho mubhokisi rimwe chete kunobvumira kuti yakawanda calldata ibatanidzwe, iyo inokanganisa yakaipisisa-kesi block size. Parizvino, saizi yakakura yebhuroka inogona kuwanikwa nekuzadza bhuroka ine isina maturo calldata yakatenderedza 1.8MB , uye ine matanhatu blobs , iyo yakazara data saizi inoparadzirwa mune imwechete slot inogona kusvika 2.58MB. Iyo yakakwira gasi muganho waizowedzera iyi yakaipisisa-yevhavha saizi, zvingangotungamira kune nyaya mupeer-to-peer (P2P) layer inoshandiswa netiweki node kutaurirana.

Iyo yakaipisisa-yevhavha saizi inogona kunetsa vatengi vanobvumirana muP2P layer. Kana muganho wegasi ukapfuura 40M, iyo yakaipisisa-yevhavha saizi inogona kudarika zvipingaidzo zvakavakwa mumafambisirwo evatengi, zvichiita kuti vamwe vatengi vakundikane pakukurudzira kana kuparadzira zvivharo nemazvo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kugadzirisa zvimhingamipinyi izvi zvisati zvakwidza muganho wegasi zvakanyanya.

Tine tarisiro, EIP-7623 inopa mhinduro kuburikidza nekugadzirisa mutengo wecalldata yekutengeserana kuwanikwa kwedata , iyo inogona kuderedza yakaipisisa-yakavharwa saizi kubva ku2.58MB kusvika kunosvika 1.2MB. Kutora EIP-7623 kungave kuri madikanwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekubvumirana kugadzikana kune chero inouya gasi muganho wekuwedzera mune ramangwana.

Saizvozvo, saizi chaiyo yebhuroka - saizi yemabhuraki anowanzo kuzadzwa nedata rekutengesa - inopindirana nemukana wekurongwazve kana kupotsa slots. Kuongorora slot data (#9526972 kusvika #10351782) inoratidza kuti kune madiki mabhuroko, pane mutsauko mudiki mukugovaniswa kwehukuru hwebhuroka pakati peakasanganisirwa slots uye reorged / akapotsa slots. Nekudaro, sezvo mabhuraki achikura (semuenzaniso, pamusoro pe0.25MB), mukana weiyo reorgs kana yakapotsa slots inowedzera.

Uku kuwirirana kunogona kubva kuzvinhu zvakaita sekuwedzera kwekuita nguva yekutengeserana kana default P2P maitiro, pane kuvharira saizi yega. Nepo hukama hwakacherechedzwa hunoratidza njodzi dzinogona kuitika, hazvigadzirise chikonzero.

Muchidimbu, nepo saizi yebhuroka ichiwedzera inogona kukanganisa slot kugadzikana, yakaipisisa-yevhavha saizi inonyanya kukosha pakuona P2P layer yakasimba. Yemberi gasi muganho wekuwedzera kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa neshanduko senge idzo dzakatsanangurwa muEIP -7623 kudzikisira njodzi idzi nemazvo.

Gasi muganhu wekuwedzera uye nguva yekuuraya

Sezvo kuwedzera kwegasi kunowedzera kunobvumira zvimwe zvekutengeserana kuti zvibatanidzwe mubhokisi, nguva yekuuraya yekutengeserana yaizowedzerawo. Kuti kuwedzera kuchave kwakakosha kana kusadaro zvinoenderana neforogo kana yakapotsa slots, inomiririra kugadzikana kwese kubvumirana.

Chati iri pazasi inoratidza kuti sezvo gasi rakawanda richishandiswa mubhuroko, nguva yekuuraya inowedzera. A 20% gasi muganho wekuwedzera unotarisirwa kurebesa zvishoma nguva dzekuuraya, asi iwo chaiwo maitiro akaoma kufanotaura. Nguva yekuuraya haisi nguva dzose yakananga yakaenzana nepamusoro pegasi muganhu kana kushandiswa kwegesi. Zvakadaro, kana tikaita fungidziro inochengetedza yekuenzana zvichienderana nechati, kuwedzera kwe400-500ms munguva yekuuraya kunoratidzika kunge kune musoro.

Zvino, ngationgororei hukama pakati penguva yekuuraya neforogo kana kupotsa slots.

Bhokisi dzvuku mumufananidzo wekuruboshwe rinoratidza kuti slots ine nguva dzekuuraya dzinopfuura 4,000ms dziri nyore kudzoreredzwa kana kupotsa kana zvichienzaniswa neinotsvedza ine ipfupi nguva dzekuuraya. Nepo akawanda akarongedzerwa kana akapotsa anotsvedza anoitika mukati me1,000-3,000ms (ichiratidza kusimba kusina kusimba pakati penguva yekuuraya uye reorg mukana mune ino renji), zvivharo mubhokisi dzvuku zvinoratidza mukana wakakura wereorgs apo nguva dzekuuraya dzinopfuura 4,000ms. Nhamba yekurudyi inosimbisa izvi nekuratidza kuti slots ine nguva dzekuuraya pamusoro pe4,000ms ine reorged kana kupotsa mwero wakapetwa katatu kupfuura iwo ari pasi pe4,000ms, achisimbisa kukanganisa kwepamusoro-soro nguva dzekuuraya pakugadzikana.

Ko validator hardware zvinodiwa zvinokanganiswa negasi muganho kuwedzera?

Chimwe chezvinonyanya kunetsa muvagadziri kana uchisimudza gasi muganho ndeye saizi yekuchengetedza yeanoshanda validator node. Kubva muna Zvita 2024, iyo validator node ine inenge 1.5 ~ 1.6 TB yekuchengetedza nhoroondo yese nenyika. Iyo gasi muganho wekuwedzera inomhanyisa kukura kwenhoroondo uye kukura kwenyika .

Muna 2020 na2021, chinodiwa chekumhanyisa node yekusimbisa yaive 2TB SSD. Nekudaro, kana iyo nhoroondo uye data yenyika ikarova 1.8TB, vagadzirisi vanoshandisa 2TB vanofanirwa kutsiva SSD yavo mu4TB SSD. Kunyangwe mutengo we4TB SSD izvozvi uye 2TB SSD makore matatu apfuura akada kufanana ne250 $, kutsiva pachayo kunoreva mutengo wekugadzirisa uye matambudziko ehunyanzvi.

36M gasi muganho unogona kunge usiri hombe pano. Asi kana muganho wegasi ukawedzera kusvika pa60M kana kupfuura, iyo validator node yaizofanira kuramba ichitsiva Hardware yavo, kurongedza mutengo wekugadzirisa, kutyisidzira hupfumi hwenzvimbo.

Kana EIP-4444 inogamuchirwa - yakanangidzirwa kuburitswa kwevatengi muna Chivabvu 2025 - kukura kwenhoroondo kunogona kumira, zvichipa imwe nzvimbo yekuwedzera gasi. Nekudaro, pasina EIP-4444, iyo nhoroondo yekukura inogona kunge iri inotevera bhodhoro mukusimudza gasi muganho.

Kuongororwa kwekukura kwehurumende neStorm Slivkoff kunoratidza kuti kukura kwehurumende kunogonawo kukanganisa, asi mitengo yazvino-yakakomberedza 2.62 GiB pamwedzi-inogoneka, ine hardware yemazuva ano inotsigira kukura kwemakore gumi. Memory zvinodiwa zvinokura nesaizi yenyika, uye gasi muganho wekuwedzera kusvika 60M unomhanyisa izvi, zvingangoda 2-4.7 GiB yekuwedzera RAM pagore. Nepo 64 GiB RAM kuseta ichipa yakagadzika buffer ikozvino, kukura kwakasimba kunogona kuita kukwidziridzwa kakawanda.

Magadzirirwo ari kuuya senge Verkle anoedza uye kupera kwenyika kunotarisirwa kurerutsa mutoro uyu, asi kunyatsoongorora kunoramba kwakakosha.

Kuwedzerwa kwegasi kuwedzera kunorevei kune MEV?

Chimwe chinhu chinogona kukanganisa decentralization kukanganisa kwekuwedzera magasi egasi paMEV (Maximum Extractable Value) mihoro yevanosimbisa. Sezvo MEV yakawedzera mukurumbira, kushushikana kwakabuda pamusoro pemusiyano wemari pakati pevagadzirisi vehunyanzvi vachishandisa nzira dzepamberi dzeMEV uye madiki ega ega. Uyu mukaha wemari unogona kuwedzera kudzvanyirira kwepakati, sevanosimbisa vane zvimwe zviwanikwa uye hunyanzvi hunotonga mihoro. Kugadzirisa izvi, nzira dzakadai seProposer-Builder Separation (PBS) uye MEV Burn dziri kushingaira kukurukurwa mukati memunharaunda yeEthereum, iyo inotarisira kuenzanisa mari yevabvumiri.

Mune dzidziso, kuwedzera kwegasi muganho kunobvumira mamwe matransaction kuti abatanidzwe mubhuroka rimwe chete, zvichigona kukwidziridza kusiyana kwemari yeMEV. Nepo MEV Boost yakadzikisira nyaya iyi zvishoma nekugonesa vatori vega kutora chikamu cheMEV mibairo, dhata rekutenderana kwemari yemuhoro rinoramba risingaite. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvinetso mukutsanangura kutengeserana kweMEV uye kunyatsotevera mihoro, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara senge nzira dzakachinjika dzeMEV pakati pekuchinjana kwepakati (CEX) nekutsinhana kwakaiswa (DEX) . Nekudaro, aya mamiriro haashoma, sezvo MEV zhinji inomuka kubva kumusoro-kwe-block mazano.

Zvakare, muganho wakakwira gasi unogona kugonesa akanyanya kuoma uye zviwanikwa-yakanyanya MEV marongero. Kunyange zvisingawanzo, kune zviitiko zveMEV bots ichiita kutengeserana kwakaomarara izvo zvinopedza inenge yese block gasi muganho. Semuenzaniso, bot transaction inoshandisa anopfuura 18M gasi yakaonekwa, ichiita akawanda swaps uye liquidity mashandiro mukati meblock rimwe chete. Sezvo muganho wegasi uchiwedzera, mazano akadaro anogona kuwedzera kuwanda, zvichigona kuwedzera mukaha pakati pevagadziri vezvakanyanya uye vatori vechikamu vadiki.

Mhedziso

Nhaurirano yakatenderedza kuwedzera Ethereum gasi muganho inopa mukana unofadza wekutyaira scalability, kuderedza mari yekutengeserana, uye kugonesa dapps itsva iyo yaimbove yakamanikidzwa nemiganhu iripo. Nepo muganho wepamusoro wegasi uchigona kuwedzera scalability, muripo wekutengesa wakaderera, uye kugonesa mhando nyowani dzedapps, inosimudzawo kunetsekana kwakakosha nezve decentralization, validator zvinodiwa, uye kugadzikana kwetiweki. Nyaya dzakaita sekukura kwenyika nenhoroondo, nguva yekuuraya, uye kusaenzana kweMEV kunosimbisa kukosha kwekunyatsotariswa uye kutarisisa data reempirical.

Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwegasi muganhu wekuwedzera kuchaenderana nekukwanisa kweEthereum kuenzanisa izvi zvekutengeserana. Solutions like EIP-7623 , PBS (Proposer-Builder Separation), uye MEV Burn anoratidza network's proactive approach yekugadzirisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika. Nekushandisa kufunga, muganhu wepamusoro wegesi une mukana wekuzarura chikamu chinotevera chekukura kweEthereum.

Imwe shanduro yechinyorwa ichi yakatanga kubudiswa pano .