Ethereum iteganijwe kugabanya gazi igamije kuzamura ubunini, amafaranga yo gucuruza make, no gufungura uburyo bushya bwa dapps mu kwagura ubushobozi bwurusobe. Ariko, itanga ibitekerezo byingenzi kubijyanye no kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, ibyangombwa bisabwa byemewe, ubudasa bwa MEV, n'ingaruka ziterwa no guhagarara neza.

Intangiriro

Umuryango wa Ethereum uherutse kuzura ibiganiro byerekeranye no kwiyongera kwa gaze. Igitekerezo cyo kongera igipimo cya gaze cyunvikana, kuko gihuza nabakoresha icyifuzo cyo kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi bikagaragaza ubwiyongere busanzwe bwubushobozi bwurusobe mugihe. Abashakashatsi benshi ndetse n’abaturage bagaragaje ko bashyigikiye cyane, bavuga ko Ethereum yiteguye iri hinduka kandi ko ari intambwe ku gihe iganisha ku kuzamura uburinganire bwa Ethereum.

Icyifuzo kandi cyagize uruhare runini mumuryango mugari. Imbuga nka pumpthegas.org zashyizweho nabaturage kugirango bigishe ishingiro ryiyongera rya gazi, nuburyo abayyemeza bashobora guhindura imiterere yabo. Urundi rubuga, gaslimit.pics , rukurikirana byimazeyo iterambere ryinkunga yemewe kugirango gaze irenze urugero - igaragaza ko 25% byabemeza Ethereum (guhera ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2024) bamaze guhindura imiterere yabakiriya kugirango bashyigikire. Niba abarenga 50% bemeza bemera kongera igipimo cya gaze no guhindura imiterere yabakiriya babo, gaze ya Ethereum izatangira kuzamuka no gutuza neza ku ntego yiyongereye.

Ikigaragara ni uko iki cyifuzo cyerekana itandukaniro ryerekana igishushanyo mbonera cya Ethereum. Bitandukanye no kunoza ibipimo bya vuba nka EIP-4844 na EIP-7691, byibanda ku kuzamura ibicuruzwa no kugurisha ibicuruzwa, kwiyongera kwa gaze ni uburyo bwo gupima L1.

Nubwo ibi byashimishije ibice bimwe byabaturage, byateje kandi impungenge mubashakashatsi kubyerekeye ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’agaciro gakomeye ka Ethereum yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage n'umutekano. Abakenguzamateka baraburira ko ingano nini-nini yo guhagarika urugero ishobora guhagarika urwego rwumvikanyweho kandi ikongerera ibyangombwa ibyuma byemewe, bishobora guhungabanya umutekano.

Iyi ngingo irasuzuma inkomoko yicyifuzo cya gazi ntarengwa, ingaruka zishobora kuba, hamwe na tekiniki hamwe nibitekerezo bishimangira ibiganiro bikomeje.

Amateka magufi y'ibyifuzo byo kongera gaze ya Ethereum

Igitekerezo cyo kongera gaze ya Ethereum cyaganiriweho. Muri Ethereum AMA muri Mutarama 2024, Vitalik Buterin yavuze ko kuzamura gaze kugera kuri 40M bishobora guhuza n’amategeko ya Moore, bikagaragaza iterambere ry’ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho.

Ikigaragara ni uko Ethereum itigeze ihindura igipimo cya gaze kuva muri Mata 2021 - mu myaka itatu ishize - nubwo hari iterambere ryinshi mu byuma muri iki gihe. Benshi ubu bemeza ko igihe kigeze ngo Ethereum ibare aya majyambere.

Vuba aha, ibyifuzo byibanze ku ntego ikomeye: gukuba kabiri gaze kugeza kuri 60M. Mugihe ibi byerekana gusimbuka gukomeye kandi byabyaye umunezero, byanateje impungenge kubibazo bishobora guteza. 60M ahanini igaragara nkintego ndende aho kuba intego ako kanya. Ukuboza 2024, Toni Wahrstätter yasabye ko hashyirwaho ingamba ziyubashye, avuga ko kwiyongera kwa gaze ya 36M - kwiyongera 20% - nk'intambwe ya mbere itekanye.

Kugeza ubu, kugera kuri gaze ya 36M bifatwa nkintambwe yambere, hamwe nibindi byiyongera biteganijwe gukurikiza buhoro buhoro, intambwe ku yindi. Gukurikirana neza urusobe bizaba ngombwa kugirango Ethereum indangagaciro yibanze yo gutuza no kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage ibungabunzwe.

Nigute imipaka yo guhagarika gaze ishobora guhinduka?

Guhagarika gazi irashobora kwiyongera buhoro buhoro bidasabye ihinduka cyangwa amategeko agenga imiyoboro. Ahubwo, abemeza bahindura uburyo bwabo bwo guhitamo, bashoboza guhuza inyuma no kwemerera guhinduka, guhinduka gushingiye kumyumvire yabaturage.

Bitandukanye n’imyemerere ikunzwe, igipimo cya gaze ya Ethereum nticyashyizweho kuri 30M. Guhagarika ibyifuzo birashobora kubihindura gato mumipaka runaka. By'umwihariko, igipimo cya gaze ya blok irashobora guhinduka kugeza kuri 1/1024 cya gaze ya gaze yabanjirije. Kurugero, niba gazi ntarengwa ya blok iriho ubu ni miliyoni 30, irashobora kwiyongera kuri 30M + 30M X (1/1024) = 30,029.296 mugice gikurikira.

Kode iri hepfo yerekana imyitwarire isanzwe ya Ethereum node mubakiriya ba geth: niba gazi nshya ya gaze igabanutse murwego rwemewe ugereranije nababyeyi, bizafatwa nkibyemewe.

Niba abashaka guhagarika bikurikirana bemeye kuzamura imipaka, gaze irashobora kwiyongera. Kurugero, kugera kuntambwe yambere ya 36M - kwiyongera 20% - byafata hafi log (1.2) / log (1025/1024) = 187 bice = iminota 38, mugihe cyiza ukeka ko byumvikanyweho nababyemeza. Iyo abarenga 50% bamaze kubyemera, kwiyongera birashobora kubaho vuba.

Ni izihe ngaruka dushobora kwitega mu kuzamura igipimo cya gaze?

Reka duhere kuri zimwe mu ngaruka zishobora guterwa no kwiyongera kwa gaze. Kongera ubushobozi bwo guhagarika byakoroha gukemura ibibazo biriho ubu, bigatuma amafaranga ya gaze agabanuka.

Mu gihe gito, uku kugabanuka kwamafaranga ya gaze bishobora gutuma ETH itwikwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwa EIP-1559 , bikongerera by'agateganyo itangwa rya Ethereum. Ikintu gisa nacyo cyagaragaye nyuma ya EIP-4844, mugihe hagabanijwe cyane amafaranga yo kuboneka (DA) kumafaranga yatumijwe yatumye ETH igabanuka. Ingaruka imwe ishobora kubaho hamwe no kwiyongera kwa gaze, bikagira uruhare mukwifaranga ryigihe gito.

Mugihe kirekire, ariko, amafaranga make arashobora gushishikariza ibikorwa byurusobe rwinshi, kuko abakoresha benshi bashobora kugura ibicuruzwa. Iki gikorwa cyiyongereye gishobora gutwara urusobe rwa Ethereum, gukurura DApps nyinshi no guteza imbere kwaguka kwagutse. Mugihe Ethereum ihinduka cyane mubikorwa byo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage hamwe na sisitemu yimari, ETH irashobora gukoreshwa cyane nkifaranga. Ikoreshwa ryinshi rya ETH rishobora, naryo, kongera imbaraga mubikorwa byurusobe, bigatanga ibitekerezo byiza kubidukikije bya Ethereum.

Kubaka dapps nshya birashoboka nyuma yo kwiyongera kwa gaze

Usibye kugabanya amafaranga ya gaze no kunoza urujya n'uruza, kongera urugero rwa gaze mumurongo umwe bishobora gufungura ibintu bishya rwose. Mugihe kwiyongera kugereranije kuri 36M bidashobora gutuma habaho impinduka zikomeye, gusimbuka kwinshi kuri 60M bishobora gutuma ubwoko bushya bwa dapps nubucuruzi byahoze bibujijwe na gaze ya 30M. Ibikorwa bimwe, byuzuza cyangwa birenze igipimo cya gaze ya 30M, birashobora gukorwa neza cyangwa bigashoboka kunshuro yambere nyuma yimpinduka.

Kurugero, ibikorwa bisaba gaze nini, nka NFT batch minting, nini nini ya token airdrops, cyangwa ibikorwa bya DAO, akenshi biregera cyangwa bikarenga igipimo cya gaze ya 30M. Ibicuruzwa mubisanzwe bigabanyijemo ibice byinshi, biganisha ku gukora nabi, gutinda, no gukoreshwa nabi. Urugero rwihariye rwerekanwe ku gishushanyo gikurikira ni NFT icyiciro cyo gucuruza, ikoresha gaze irenga 28M.

Kongera igipimo cya gaze yo guhagarika kugera kuri 60M byatuma ibikorwa nkibi birangira mumurongo umwe, byemeza ko atome ikorwa. Ibi byemeza ko ibikorwa byose bigenda neza cyangwa bikananirana, birinda kurangiza igice no kwemeza ubutabera kubitabiriye amahugurwa mugihe bigabanya amahirwe yo gukoreshwa.

Usibye guhitamo imikoreshereze ihari, gaze ya gaze irashobora gutanga inzira ya DApps idasanzwe isaba ibikorwa bibarwa. Kurugero, kumurongo wa porogaramu ya AI, nkamahugurwa mato mato mato cyangwa imyanzuro, irashobora kuba ingirakamaro hamwe na gaze ntarengwa. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, amasezerano akomeye yubwenge, nkimikino yuzuye kumurongo cyangwa uburyo bukomeye bwo kuyobora, bishobora gutera imbere mubushobozi buhanitse. Iterambere rishobora kwagura imikorere ya Ethereum no kwiyambaza, bigatuma urusobe rwibinyabuzima ruhinduka.

Kenshi na kenshi, gukuba kabiri gaze bishobora kugira inyungu zirenze urugero, kuko byagabanya gucikamo ibice no gufungura ibintu bishya rwose bitari bisanzwe.

Kwiyongera kwa gaze bisobanura iki kuri trilemma yo guhagarika?

Kongera igipimo cya gaze nimbaraga zo kunoza ubunini bwa Ethereum. Mu rwego rwo guhagarika trilemma , kugera ku bunini cyane akenshi biza ku kiguzi cyo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage cyangwa umutekano. Niyo mpamvu icyifuzo cyo kuzamura igipimo cya gaze cyakuruye bamwe bashidikanya, bafite impungenge zuko bishobora gutuma habaho kwishyira hamwe hongerwa ibisabwa byemewe cyangwa bigabanya umutekano mu gutesha agaciro urwego rw’ubwumvikane.

Icyakora, ababunganira bavuga ko ibyo atari uguhungabanya kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage cyangwa umutekano kugira ngo bizamuke. Ahubwo, babigize nk'ibikorwa byo kunoza imikorere yibikoresho, nkuko byasobanuwe n amategeko ya Moore, kugirango bagure ubushobozi bwose bwo guhagarika. Muri iyi myumvire, "mpandeshatu" ya trilemma yo guhagarika ishobora kwaguka, kuko ibyuma bigezweho bituma ubushobozi bwiyongera muri rusange bitabaye ngombwa ko bitesha agaciro umutungo wibanze wa Ethereum.

Kugirango dusuzume niba aribyo koko, ni ngombwa gusuzuma witonze ingaruka zishobora guterwa na gaze. Ibitekerezo byerekeranye no kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage bishobora kuba bikubiyemo ibyangombwa byemewe byemewe, hamwe nubuhanga bukomeye bwa MEV (Maximal Extractable Value). Kubyerekeranye numutekano, dukwiye gutekereza ku kwiyongera kwinshi kwimanza zahagaritswe, igihe cyo gukora cyakozwe, gishobora kugira ingaruka ku gipimo cyibibanza cyangwa byabuze.

Umupaka wa gazi wiyongera kandi uhagarike ingano

Kongera igipimo cya gaze mumurongo umwe bituma hashyirwaho Calldata nyinshi, bigira ingaruka mubunini-buke. Kugeza ubu, ingano ntarengwa ishobora kugerwaho huzuzwa blok na Calldata idafite icyo ivuze ni 1.8MB , hamwe na blob esheshatu, ingano yamakuru yose yakwirakwijwe ahantu hamwe irashobora kugera kuri 2.58MB. Umubare munini wa gazi wakongera ingano yuburibwe bubi, birashoboka ko biganisha kubibazo murwego rwurungano (P2P) urwego rwumuyoboro rukoresha mugutumanaho.

Ingano-mbi yo guhagarika ingano irashobora kunaniza abakiriya bumvikanye murwego rwa P2P. Iyo igipimo cya gaze kirenze 40M, ingano-mbi cyane yo guhagarika irashobora kurenga imbogamizi zubatswe mumyitwarire yabakiriya idasanzwe, bigatuma abakiriya bamwe bananirwa gutanga cyangwa gukwirakwiza neza. Ibi bituma ari ngombwa gukemura izo mbogamizi mbere yo kuzamura igipimo cya gaze ku buryo bugaragara.

Twizere ko, EIP-7623 itanga igisubizo muguhindura igiciro cya calldata kubikorwa byo kuboneka kwamakuru , bishobora kugabanya ingano yimanza mbi cyane kuva kuri 2.58MB ikagera kuri 1.2MB. Kwemeza EIP-7623 byaba ngombwa kugirango ubwumvikane buke bugabanuke ku gipimo cya gaze kiri hafi kwiyongera.

Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ingano nyayo yo guhagarika - ingano ya bloks isanzwe yuzuyemo amakuru yubucuruzi - bifitanye isano nibishoboka byahinduwe cyangwa byabuze umwanya. Gusesengura amakuru yibibanza (# 9526972 kugeza # 10351782) bigaragaza ko kubice bito, nta tandukaniro rito mugusaranganya ingano yubunini hagati yibibanza byashyizwemo hamwe na rezo / yabuze. Ariko, uko uduce dukura nini (urugero, hejuru ya 0.25MB), birashoboka ko reorgs cyangwa ibibanza byabuze byiyongera.

Iri sano rishobora guturuka kubintu nkigihe cyongerewe igihe cyo gukora cyangwa imyitwarire isanzwe ya P2P, aho guhagarika ingano yonyine. Mugihe umubano wabonetse ugaragaza ingaruka zishobora kubaho, ntabwo ushyiraho impamvu.

Muncamake, mugihe ubunini bwahagaritswe bushobora kugira ingaruka kumyanya ihamye, ingano-mbi yo guhagarika ni ingenzi cyane cyane kugirango P2P igire imbaraga. Kwiyongera kwa gaze kazoza bigomba guherekezwa nimpinduka nkizo zasabwe muri EIP-7623 kugirango zigabanye izo ngaruka neza.

Umupaka wa gazi wiyongera nigihe cyo gukora

Kubera ko gazi yiyongera ituma ibikorwa byinshi bishyirwa mubice, igihe cyo gukora nacyo cyiyongera. Niba kwiyongera bizaba ingenzi cyangwa bitaterwa nu mwanya cyangwa wabuze, byerekana ubwumvikane rusange muri rusange.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana ko nkuko gaze ikoreshwa muguhagarika, igihe cyo gukora gikunda kwiyongera. Ubwiyongere bwa gazi ya 20% byitezwe ko bwongerera gato igihe cyo gukora, ariko ingaruka nyazo ziragoye kubiteganya. Igihe cyo kurangiza ntabwo buri gihe gihwanye neza na gazi ntarengwa cyangwa ikoreshwa rya gaze. Ariko, niba dufashe ingamba zifatika zo kugereranya zishingiye ku mbonerahamwe, kwiyongera kwa 400-500m mugihe cyo gukora bisa nkaho bishoboka.

Noneho, reka dusuzume isano iri hagati yigihe cyo kurangizwa nu mwanya cyangwa kubura umwanya.

Agasanduku gatukura mumashusho yibumoso yerekana ko ahantu hamwe nigihe cyo gukora kirenga 4000m birashoboka cyane ko byahindurwa cyangwa bikabura ugereranije nibice bifite igihe gito cyo gukora. Mugihe ibyinshi byahinduwe cyangwa byabuze biboneka muri 1.000-3000m (byerekana isano iri hagati yigihe cyo gukora na reorg bishoboka muriki cyiciro), guhagarika mumasanduku yumutuku byerekana amahirwe menshi yo kwisubiraho mugihe igihe cyo gukora kirenze 4000m. Igishushanyo gikwiye gishimangira ibi byerekana ko ibibanza bifite inshuro zirenga 4000m bifite igipimo cyongeye kugaruka cyangwa kubura inshuro zirenga eshatu ugereranije n’abatarengeje 4000m, bishimangira ingaruka zigihe kinini cyo kwicwa ku mutekano.

Ese ibyuma byemeza ibyangombwa bizaterwa na gazi iziyongera?

Kimwe mubibazo byingenzi mubemeza mugihe bazamura igipimo cya gaze kijyanye nubunini bwububiko bwimikorere ikora. Kuva mu Kuboza 2024, node yemewe ifite igituntu kigera kuri 1.5 ~ 1,6 yo kubungabunga amateka yose na leta. Kwiyongera kwa gazi bizihutisha iterambere ryamateka niterambere rya leta .

Muri 2020 na 2021, ibyasabwaga gukora node yemewe byari 2TB SSD. Ariko, mugihe amateka namakuru ya leta akubise 1.8TB, abemeza gukoresha 2TB bagomba gusimbuza SSD yabo muri 4TB SSD. Nubwo igiciro cya 4TB SSD ubungubu na 2TB SSD hashize imyaka 3 bisa nkaho bigera kuri 250 $, gusimburwa ubwabyo bivuze amafaranga yo kubungabunga nibibazo bya tekiniki.

36M ntarengwa ya gaze ntishobora kuba ikintu kinini hano. Ariko niba gaze ya gaze yiyongereye kugera kuri 60M cyangwa irenga, node yemewe igomba gukomeza gusimbuza ibyuma byabo, ikabika amafaranga yo kubungabunga, ikabangamira umutungo wo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage.

Iyo EIP-4444 yemejwe-igamije kurekura abakiriya bitarenze Gicurasi 2025-ubwiyongere bw'amateka burashobora guhagarara, bigatanga umwanya munini wo kongera gaze. Ariko, hatabayeho EIP-4444, iterambere ryamateka rishobora kuba imbogamizi ikurikira mukuzamura gaze.

Isesengura ry’iterambere rya leta ryakozwe na Storm Slivkoff ryerekana ko ubwiyongere bwa leta nabwo bushobora kuba imbogamizi, ariko igipimo kiriho - hafi 2,62 GiB ku kwezi - kirashobora gucungwa, hamwe n’ibikoresho bigezweho bikomeza kwiyongera mu myaka icumi. Ibisabwa byo kwibuka bikura hamwe nubunini bwa leta, kandi gazi yiyongera kuri 60M yakwihutisha ibi, birashoboka ko bisaba 2-4.7 GiB ya RAM yinyongera kumwaka. Mugihe 64 ya RAM ya GBB itanga buffer nziza kuri ubu, gukura kurambye gushobora gutuma kuzamura inshuro nyinshi.

Iterambere ryimirije nka Verkle igerageza nigihe kirangiye leta biteganijwe koroshya uyu mutwaro, ariko gukurikirana neza bikomeje kuba ngombwa.

Kwiyongera kwa gaze bisobanura iki kuri MEV?

Ikindi kintu gishobora kugira ingaruka ku kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi ni ingaruka zo kongera imipaka ya gaze ku nyungu za MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) ku nyungu zemewe. Mugihe MEV imaze kwiyongera cyane, hagaragaye impungenge zijyanye no gutandukanya amafaranga hagati yabatanga ubumenyi buhanitse bakoresheje ingamba ziteye imbere za MEV hamwe nabafatanyabikorwa bonyine. Iki cyuho cyinjiza gishobora gukaza umurego wo guhuriza hamwe, kuko abemeza bafite ibikoresho byinshi nubuhanga biganje mu kwinjiza. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, uburyo bwogutandukanya abashaka kubaka (PBS) na MEV Burn biraganirwaho cyane mu muryango wa Ethereum, ugamije kunganya amafaranga yemewe.

Mubyigisho, kwiyongera kwa gaze bituma ibikorwa byinshi byinjizwa mumurongo umwe, bishobora kongera itandukaniro rya MEV bijyanye ninjiza. Mugihe MEV Boost yagabanije igice iki kibazo mugushoboza abikorera ku giti cyabo gufata umugabane wibihembo bya MEV, amakuru yerekeye itandukaniro ryinjiza ryemewe ntagishobora kurangizwa. Ibi biterwa nimbogamizi mugusobanura ibikorwa bya MEV no gukurikirana neza amafaranga yinjiza, cyane cyane mubihe bigoye nko guhuza ingamba za MEV hagati yo guhanahana amakuru (CEX) no guhana abaturage (DEX) . Nyamara, ibi bintu ntibisanzwe, kuko MEV nyinshi ituruka kumurongo wo hejuru.

Byongeye kandi, igipimo ntarengwa cya gaze gishobora gutuma ingamba za MEV zinonosoye kandi zikoresha umutungo. Mugihe kidasanzwe, hari aho bots za MEV zikora ibikorwa bigoye cyane bitwara hafi ya gaze ya gaze. Kurugero, igicuruzwa cya bot ikoresha gaze irenga 18M cyaragaragaye, gikora ibintu byinshi byo guhinduranya no gutembera mumurongo umwe. Mugihe igipimo cya gaze cyiyongera, ingamba nkizo zirashobora kwigaragaza cyane, birashoboka ko byongera itandukaniro riri hagati yabatanga ubumenyi buhanitse nabitabira bato.

Umwanzuro

Ikiganiro kijyanye no kongera gazi ya Ethereum itanga amahirwe ashimishije yo gutwara ibipimo, kugabanya amafaranga yubucuruzi, no gutuma dapps zidasanzwe zahoze zibuzwa nimbogamizi zubu. Mugihe igipimo kinini cya gaze gishobora kuzamura ubunini, amafaranga yubucuruzi make, kandi bigafasha ubwoko bushya bwa dapps, butera kandi impungenge zingenzi kubijyanye no kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, ibisabwa byemewe, hamwe numuyoboro uhamye. Ibibazo nkiterambere rya leta namateka, igihe cyo gukora, hamwe nubudasa bwa MEV bishimangira ko hakenewe gusuzumwa neza no gukurikirana amakuru yibyingenzi.

Ubwanyuma, gutsinda kwa gaze ntarengwa bizaterwa nubushobozi bwa Ethereum bwo kuringaniza ibyo bicuruzwa. Ibisubizo nka EIP-7623 , PBS (Gutandukanya abubaka-abubaka), na MEV Burn byerekana uburyo bwurusobe uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo bishobora guterwa. Hamwe no kubishyira mubikorwa, gazi ntarengwa ifite ubushobozi bwo gufungura icyiciro gikurikira cya Ethereum.

Inyandiko yiyi ngingo yasohotse hano .