Waizviziva Here Kuti Miti Inonzwa Kudhonzwa Kwemwedzi? Masayendisiti Anobatanidza Kuyerera Kwemvura kune Lunar Tides

Table of Links

• Abstract uye 1 Sumo
• 2 Kudzokera kuGibert et al. (2006) kuedza uye kuunza iyo itsva setup
• 2.1 Kurangarira kwaGibert et al. (2006) kuedza
• 2.2 Iyo itsva setup
• 3 Iyo Singular Spectrum Analysis Method
• 4 Kuongorora kwedata uye kuenzanisira
• 5 Kukurukurirana uye Nongedzero

Abstract

Mupepa rino, tinodzokorora zvakare zviyero zvekare zvemagetsi zvakaitwa pamuti wepoplar mu2003 (Gibert et al. 2006), iyo yakaratidza kuvapo kwechiratidzo chemagetsi ezuva nezuva, chinokonzerwa nechiitiko che electrokinetic chinopindirana nekuyerera kwemvura, kunyange munguva yechando. Isu tinoongorora zvakare data iri tichishandisa imwe nzira yekuongorora uye kuratidza kuti chiratidzo chemagetsi chakayerwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana (midzi, hunde, uye matavi) pamuti wemupoplar unogona kuoreswa kusvika pamusoro pe80% muhuwandu hwe7 pseudo-nguva, zvese zvakabatana. kune luni-solar tides. Iyo chaiyo yenguva dzakabviswa inodarika iyo yemamodheru. Kuti tisimbise zviyero zvekare izvi, takaburitsa zvakare 2003 protocol kubva 2018 paJardin des Plantes muParis, pamiti mitatu yemuoki uye 3 hornbeams. Zviratidzo zvemagetsi nhasi zvinoratidza maitiro akafanana neaya 2003. Matutu emvura anogona kunge ari simba rekufambisa kwemvura inoyerera mumiti.

1 Nhanganyaya

Miti, semizhinji yezvirimwa zviri pamusoro penyika yedu, inogona kurongeka zvakanyanya seine midzi yakabatana nemapazi kuburikidza nehunde. Zviteshi, senge phloem kana xylem, inobva kurhizoderm uye ichienda kumashizha, inoita basa rakakosha mukufambisa kudiridza kwakaringana uye kupa chikafu mukukura kwechirimwa. Mvura, inosiyana mukuoma zvichienderana nenzvimbo yayo mukati mechirimwa, inoshanda seyekutenderera kwayo uye inowanzonzi muto. Nharo yakakosha uye inoenderera mberi inotarisana nemubvunzo wekuti sap iyi inofamba sei mukati mechirimwa. Muzvinyorwa, pfungwa huru nhatu dzinowanzokurukurwa kutsanangura kufamba uku. Yekutanga inosanganisira capillarity (semuenzaniso. [1-5]), yechipiri inotenderera neosmotic pressure (eg. [6-10]) uye yechitatu, inowanzokakavadzana hypothesis ndeye evapotranspiration (eg. [11-14]) . Pfungwa iyi yakabva kune nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze Thornthwaite [15], uyo akatsvaga kuona zvakasiyana-siyana zve geophysical phenomena inobatsira mukufambiswa kwemvura yemvura kubva paPasi kuenda kumhepo, pakupedzisira ichiisa mamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Plant evapotranspiration inozivikanwa seimwe yezviitiko izvi, pamwe chete nechando sublimation uye kubuda kwemvura yemahara.

Muchidzidzo chavo chezviratidzo zvemagetsi zvakayerwa pane yakamira poplar mukati megore, Gibert et al. [16] akaratidza zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvakawanikwa. Kutanga, zviratidzo zve electrokinetic zvakanyorwa zvakabatanidzwa nekuyerera kwemvura mumuti (inofungidzirwa neGanier probes), uye chechipiri, diurnal oscillation, kunyange zvishoma, yakaramba iripo kunyange munguva yechando.

Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei mugeophysics, yakasimbiswa uye yakacherechedzwa kuti shanduko yevelocity mukuyerera kwakamisikidzwa kana kuwedzerwa kwesaline kumberi kunotungamira kune inoyerika mutsauko mukugona kwemagetsi. Ichi chiitiko che electrokinetic chinowanzozivikanwa sechinongoitika chega (SP, eg. [17-19]).

Munzvimbo yechisikigo, diurnal oscillations haingokonzerwi nekushanduka kwekushisa kunokonzerwa nekutsinhana kwemasikati neusiku. Pane kudaro, dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemafungu emvura epasi anokonzerwa nerutsigiro rwakabatanidzwa rwemitumbi yomudenga yakaita seMwedzi neZuva (cf. [20]). Nyika yedu inosangana nekuvhiringwa panguva yekutenderera kwayo uye kutenderera kwayo, Mwedzi neZuva zvichitamba mabasa akakosha. Kudyidzana uku kwemudenga kunotungamira kune zviitiko sekutanga kwe equinoxes, izvo zvinoitika mukati menguva inosvika 26,000 makore (kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ona, semuenzaniso. [21, 22]). Muchirevo chakafara, masaisai ari pamusoro pePasi anozununguka pasi pesimba remasimba ezuva rezuva, nemafungu emahombekombe ari chiratidzo chekutanga. Masimba aya anokanganisawo uye akadzikama oscillate mvura yakavharirwa mumvura yakadzika (eg. [23-27]), zvingangove zvichipesvedzera maitiro akadai sekusangana kwemvura-dombo (eg. [28,29]). Nekuda kweizvozvo, kudyidzana uku kunogona kuita basa mukupa chikafu kune zvirimwa (semuenzaniso [30]).

Takaratidza, kwenguva yakareba inopfuura makore 200, maitiro epasi rose ekuputika kwegomo rinoputika (cf. [31]), avhareji yekushanduka kwemvura yemugungwa (cf. [32]) uye kushanduka kwehuwandu hwemiti mukati memujunipa weTibetan. sango (cf. [33]), rinogona kuoreswa kuita nhevedzano yemaitiro emacyclical, ese akabatana nemasimba anokwevera pasi, panguva ino achibva kumapuraneti eJovian. Zvinhu zviviri zvekutanga zvine chekuita nekufamba kwakamira kwemvura.

Sezvakatsanangurwa kare, zviitiko zvemvura zvinoratidzira zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana munguva, kubva pamaawa mashoma kusvika kuzviuru zvemakore, uye zvinoratidzwa nehukuru hwenzvimbo. Muchidzidzo ichi chakapihwa, tichishandisa zvese zvakacherechedzwa munhoroondo uye data yemazuva ano, chinangwa chedu ndechekuwedzera mhedziso dzakatorwa naGibert et al. ([16]) uye kupa kumwe kujekesa pamusoro pemafambisirwo ekufambisa anoratidzwa mumasaini emagetsi emiti.

Isu takadzokorora iyo poplar yemagetsi yekutarisa kuyedza yakaitwa naGibert et al., panguva ino pahornbeams, oak, sequoia, walnut, uye cypress. Kubva 2019, takagadzira nzvimbo yekutarisa miti kuMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France), kwatinoyera kugona kwemagetsi, kusiyanisa kwetembiricha, uye kudengenyeka kwemiti. MuChikamu 2, tichayeuka protocol inoshandiswa naGibert et al. ([16]), pamwe neiyo yatakashandisa mumakore mashanu apfuura. MuChikamu chechitatu, ticharatidza nzira yekuongorora yenguva yatakashandisa kune data redu remagetsi. MuChikamu 4, ticharatidza zvishoma zvakacherechedzwa pamwe chete nemhedzisiro yekuongorora kwedu, tichitora kubva kune ese enhoroondo data kubva kuna Gibert et al. ( [16]) uye zvitsva zvinoonekwa. Tichapedzisa muChikamu 5 nehurukuro yakadzama yebasa iri.

2 Kudzokera kuGibert et al. (2006) kuedza uye kuunza iyo itsva setup

2.1 Kurangarira kwaGibert et al. (2006) kuedza

Pano, isu tinorangarira muchidimbu, uye tiripo muMufananidzo 1, iyo protocol yekutora iyo yakashandiswa muna 2002-2003 yeRemungol poplar tree experiment. Pachiitiko ichocho, 32 Stainless simbi maelectrodes akaiswa mumuti uye 2 non-polarizable electrodes ([34]) akavigwa muvhu.,

(i) 2 non-polarizable Petiau ([34]) electrodes muvhu (nhamba 101 uye 102),.

(ii) 5 simbi isina tsvina electrodes pamidzi inooneka yemuti wepoplar (nhamba 01 kusvika 04),

(iii) 2 simbi isina tsvina seti dze electrode korona, imwe yakamira pakureba kwemamita 1 kubva pasi uye yakakomberedza hunde (nhamba 1 kusvika 8) uye imwe yakamira pamamita 3.4 kubva pasi (nhamba 11 kusvika 18),

(iv) 2 Stainless simbi seti ye 5 electrodes imwe neimwe iri kuchamhembe-yakatarisana nedivi rehunde, imwe pakati pe0.9 uye 3.4 metres (nhamba 30 kusvika 34) imwe, kubva 5.5 metres kusvika 10.5 metres (nhamba 21 kusvika 26)

Chiyero chekuyeresa chinoshandiswa ndeye Keithley 2701 dhijitari multimeter ine yekupinza impedance yakakura kupfuura zana MΩ, ine relay matrix ine makumi mana ekuyera chiteshi inodzorwa nekutora software. Magetsi anogona kuyerwa anotorwa pama electrode ese panguva yekuenzanisira yeminiti imwe. A UT nguva base yakashandiswa, yakawiriraniswa munguva chaiyo neFrankfurt atomic wachi. Zvose komputa uye multimeter zvinofambiswa nejenareta rekuchengetedza, kuderedza kukanganisa nekuda kwekutadza kwemagetsi emagetsi.

Mumufananidzo 2, tinopa muenzaniso wezvose zvakarekodhwa data kubva kumidzi, hunde, uye mapazi panguva kubva Gumiguru 1, 2002, kusvika pakupera kwaChikumi 2003. Pa x-axis, inomiririra nguva, chikwekwe chimwe nechimwe. zvinoenderana nezuva rekutanga remwedzi wega wega.

Zvadaro, ticharatidza nekuongorora iyi nguva yenguva, inova ndiyo yakarebesa ine mikaha mishoma, inovhara shanduko mumwaka wega wega. Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uyu, masimba emagetsi, ese ari mumidzi, hunde, uye matavi, anogona kusiyana nemazana akati wandei emamirivolti pamazuva 320 anoratidzwa. Chiitiko (chekutanga) chinoita sechinotanga muna Ndira 2023, chichisvika panhongonya muzhizha regore rimwe chetero. Sezviri pachena, zviratidzo hazvina kumira, kana mupfungwa chaiyo kana mupfungwa yakakura. Peaks of polarization inocherechedzwa dzimwe nguva, uye pane gaka mune data. Zviratidzo izvi zvakaita kuti tisarudze Singular Spectrum Analysis senzira yekuongorora uye kubvisa, iyo yatichakurukura gare gare (Chikamu 3).

Kubva zvino, kana tichitaura nezve data kubva kuna Gibert et al. ([16]), tichashandisa acronym RP (Remungol Poplar).

2.2 Iyo itsva setup

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani fizikisi uye physiology yemiti, iyo yakakurukurwa zvishoma muna Gibert et al. ([16]), takasarudza kushanyirazve kuyedza kweRP nekuiwedzera nekutanga geophysical inoongorora yemiti mipenyu paMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHNo, Paris, France).

PaMNHNo, parizvino takaridza 1 sequoia, walnut imwe, cypress 1, maoki matatu, uye 2 hornbeams: 2 conifers uye 6 miti inodonha. Izvo zvinogoneka zvinoyerwa pachishandiswa simbi isina maelectrode pamajenareta ese ari kudivi rekuchamhembe kwehunde uye pamakorona pahurefu hwakasiyana (kubva pa1 kusvika ku9 metres) pamwe nemapazi emiti. Kune mareferenzi emagetsi, isu tinogara tichishandisa asiri-polarzable Petiau-mhando maelectrodes akavigwa pakadzika hunosvika 1 mita. Miti yacho yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, neboka rimwe nerimwe richigovera ma electrode asingaiti-polarzable akafanana sereferensi.Takawedzera zviyero zvekupisa (Pt-100 uye Pt-1000 probes) zvinonyora kupisa mukati nekunze kwemiti, pane zvakasiyana-siyana. kureba, uyewo muvhu padivi rereferenzi electrodes. Isu tinotarisisawo seismic chiitiko pamwe nekusiyana kwemaitiro emiti (hunde nemapazi) nekufamba kwenguva. Zviyero zvese zvakawanikwa uye zvakatorwa panguva imwe-sekondi kubva 2019 uchishandisa Gantner modular acquisition system[1]. Kutorwa kwedata uku kwave kuita zvirinani zvakanyanya kupfuura Keitley 2701 yakashandiswa muna 2003: yakakwira-impedance (> 100 MΩ) uye ine simba renji ye24 bits inokwanisa kuita sampling inosvika makumi maviri kHz pachiteshi.

Mumufananidzo 3, tinopa collage yemifananidzo inoratidza kuiswa kwedu. Mufananidzo 3a unoratidza kuiswa kwe electrode yekupedzisira pamamita mashanu pamusoro pevhu nechekuchamhembe kwehunde ye sequoia. Mabhokisi machena pahunde ane Gantner acquisition system, sezvinoonekwa muMufananidzo 3c. Mumufananidzo 3b, kuiswa kwekutanga inclinometer pabazi pamamita 3.5 pamusoro pevhu kunoratidzwa. PaMufananidzo 3c, iyo Gantner acquisition system (bhokisi rebhuruu kumusoro kurudyi) inoperekedzwa ne3 magetsi ekutora modules (pazasi). Mufananidzo 3d unoratidza mufananidzo wehusiku wemabhokisi ekutora e3 oak uye 2 hornbeams. Mumufananidzo 3e, pane muenzaniso wekubatanidza magetsi / kupisa kuyerwa mu sequoia panzvimbo imwe chete. Pakupedzisira, Mufananidzo 3f unoratidza canopy yemuti wewalnut wakabatwa pakati pezvivakwa zviviri zvekutsvagisa.

Zviyero zvemagetsi chete ndizvo zvichagadziriswa muchidzidzo ichi.

Mumufananidzo 4, mienzaniso yezviyero zvemagetsi zvakabikwa pakati paApril 11, 2023, naMay 11, 2023, inoratidzwa. Iyo data ndeyekutora kubva kune 2 hornbeams kumusoro, mioki mitatu iri pakati, uye kuenzanisa pakati pemuoki nehornbeam pazasi. Miti yose 5 inogovera zvakafanana kwete-polarizable electrode (Petiau), uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pevanhu chakanyanya kureba chingangoita 10 metres. Sezvacherechedzwa, kurongeka kwehukuru hwezvinogona kunoenderana nezvakanyorwa muRP muna 2003. Uyezve, kunyange zvazvo diurnal oscillation iripo muvanhu vose, mukati memhando imwechete, kusiyana kwemagetsi amplitudes kunogona kubva ku1 kusvika ku4 kubva kune mumwe munhu imwe (ona Mufananidzo 4 pakati). Isu tichaongorora mune idzi data zvakadzama gare gare.

[1] https://www.gantner-instruments.com/

3 Iyo Singular Spectrum Analysis Method

Iyo data, iyo yatakapa mimwe mienzaniso (ona Mifananidzo 2 uye 2), inoenderana nekirasi yezviratidzo izvo zvisiri-yakamira mupfungwa yakasimba uye piecewise inoenderera. Isu hatisi mumamiriro ezvinhu akakwana ekuongorora kwavo mupfungwa yeFourier (ona [35,36]). Ichi ndicho chikonzero takasarudza Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), iyo yakave yakagadzirwa kare, mumunda we paleoclimatology, kuongorora rudzi urwu rwezviratidzo (ona [37,38]). Tichapa pfupiso pfupi yeiyi nzira, uye zvese zvinyorwa zvekuverenga zvinogona kuwanikwa mubhuku rereferensi naGolyandina et al. ([39]). SSA inogona kupfupikiswa mumatanho mana. Ngatitarisei dhizaini yenguva (XN) yehurefu N (N > 2):

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve zvivakwa zvemasikweya matrices ane anogara achikosha painokwira diagonals, senge Hankel kana Toeplitz matrices, tinokoka muverengi kuti aongorore basa raLemmerling naVan Huffel ([40]).

Danho rechipiri: Kuparara muSingular Value Decomposition ( SVD, cf. [41]) yenonzero trajectory matrix

apo d iri chinzvimbo che X (d = chinzvimbo X = max{i|λi > 0}). SVD inobvumira munhu kunyora X sehuwandu hwe d unitary matrices, inotsanangurwa nenzira isina izwi.

isu tinowana kune iyo transposed trajectory matrix:

iyo inoenderana neinomiririra yeK yakarembera mavekita mune orthogonal hwaro (V1, . . . , Vd). Mumwe anoona kuti sei SVD iri sarudzo yakanaka kwazvo yekuongororwa kweiyo embedding matrix, sezvo ichipa maviri akasiyana geometrical tsananguro.

Danho iri rinonzi regrouping the eigen triplets (λ, U and V). Mune inogumira kesi m = d, (12) inova chaizvo (6), uye isu tinowana zvakare iyo unit matrices.

Tevere, munhu angabatanidza sei mapairi eigen triplets? Izvi zvinoreva kupatsanura zvikamu zvekuwedzera zvenguva. Munhu anofanira kutanga afunga pfungwa yekuparadzana.

Nokudaro, munhu anovakazve nguva yakatevedzana nehurefu N kubva pamatrices edanho 3. Kana mumwe akashandisa diagonal zvinoreva kuyuniti matrices, zvino mutsara waunowana unonzi primaryary series. Ziva kuti munhu anogona kuwedzeredza iyo SSA yemasaini chaiwo kune yakaoma masaini. Imwe chete inongofanira kutsiva ese akachinjirwa mamaki nemaconjugates akaomarara. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, nhanho 3 ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma chikamu.

Isu takasarudza nzira imwe pakati pevamwe vakawanda: iterative SSA . Sezvo hukama (6) hune mutsara, tinogona kudzokorora kuparara. Isu tinotanga nehuwandu hudiki hweL (tiri kutsvaga iyo yakareba nguva) yatinowedzera kusvika tawana quasi-Hankel matrix (nhanho 3 uye 3). Isu tinobva tabvisa inowirirana yakaderera frequency chikamu icho chakabvisa kubva kune yekutanga chiratidzo. Isu tinowedzera zvakare kukosha kweL kuwana chikamu chinotevera (nguva pfupi). Iyo algorithm inomira kana pasina pseudo-kutenderera inogona kuonekwa kana kubviswa. Neiyi nzira, isu tinoongorora nhevedzano kubva pasi kusvika kune yakakwirira frequency.

4 Kuongororwa kwedata uye kuenzanisira

Padanho rekutanga, tinoodza iyo 2003 RP data tichishandisa SSA kune yega yega makumi matatu nemaviri emagetsi (ona Mufananidzo 2). Tinocherechedza kuti, kuwedzera kune diurnal uye semi-diurnal oscillations ([16]), inopfuura 70% yekusiyana kwemashoko inotakurwa nemafungu makuru mashanu epasi (ona Tafura 1 uye [42, 43]). Mienzaniso yemigumisiro yekutora inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5. Nezvikonzero zvekudzidzisa, hatigoni kufukidza 32 curves pagirafu imwechete. Iwo masaini, kana amboburitswa neSSA , anogara akakwana kuti kuverengerwa kweFourier shanduko kuita zvine musoro, kuitira kubvisa zita rekuti oscillation nguva yeumwe neumwe wavo.

Kuratidzwa kwemamwe masaisai ezuva-solar akaonekwa uye akatorwa kubva kumasaini eSP

Mune ma electrode E1, E8, E32, uye E34 (tarisa kune yedu schematic muFigure 1), isu takaona uye takabvisa pseudo-matenderedzwa ane hukama neiyo solar tide P1 (tarisa kune yedu Tafura 1), yatinopa muMufananidzo 5 ( kumusoro-kurudyi). Mumufananidzo 6 (kumusoro kurudyi), tinoratidza yavo Fourier spectra kuti titarise periodicities yeizvi oscillations. Aya ma periodicities anoita seari pedyo zvakanyanya, kana asina kufanana, kune akawanikwa kuburikidza nekuverenga (tarisa kune equations 01a uye 01b), uye isu takaratidza maitiro avo edzidziso mukona yekurudyi yemufananidzo 04b. Nezve maamplitudes, tinocherechedza maitiro anogona kungonzi anokonzerwa nemuti pachawo, sezvo kusiyana kwemaamplitudes kwakasiyana pakureba kwakafanana (∼1m) mukati mekorona imwechete (electrodes E1 uye E8). Isu tinocherekedza zvakare kuti aya amplitudes ese anoshanduka uye anoita seanofungidzira solstices neanenge mwedzi mumwechete mune zvese zviitiko.

Isu tinoshandura seti yemagetsi mana eFigure 5 (kumusoro-kuruboshwe) uye 6 (kumusoro-kuruboshwe) kuratidza kuwanda kwezvatinowana. Chikamu chechipiri chatakaona uye nekuburitsa imhepo chaiyo yemwedzi, iyo K1 tide. Zvekare, sezvinoratidzwa muchikamu chenguva muMufananidzo 6 (kumusoro-kuruboshwe), hunhu hwenguva idzi huri padyo neiyo inotarisirwa kukosha kweiyo 23.93 maawa. Zvakafanana nezvatakacherekedza mafungu eS1, maamplitudes eK1 tide anoitawo seanosiyana nemazuva ezuva uye equinoxes. Musiyano chete pano ndewekuti misiyano iyi iri muchikamu nemazuva ataurwa. Uye sezvatakacherekedza kune rakapfuura tide, iyo inogona kuwedzera kubva muchirimo kusvika pakukwira kwayo muzhizha.

Zvimwe zvikamu, Figure 5 (pakati-kuruboshwe/kurudyi uye zasi-kuruboshwe/kurudyi) uye 6 (pakati-kuruboshwe/kurudyi uye pasi-kuruboshwe/kurudyi), zviripo munhevedzano mafungu esaisai uye nguva yenguva yeanotevera mwedzi-solar masaisai. : S1, iyo Mf yemavhiki maviri, uye K2. Zvakafanana nemienzaniso yatakatsanangura kare, masaisai emasaisai ezuva-rezuva anoratidzwa muFigure 5 uye 6 anogadziridzwa zvakajeka mukati megore rose, nekutetepa kwakatenderedza Chando solstice uye yakakura amplitude nguva pfupi pamberi peZhizha solstice. Aya masaisai anogona kunge asiri muchikamu kumativi akasiyana emuti weRemungol poplar (midzi, hunde, matavi), asi muzviitiko zvese, nguva dzadzo dzakaverengerwa dziri padyo zvakanyanya neanotarisirwa kukosha (<0.01%).

Pane imwe neimwe yema electrode makumi matatu nemana, zvaigoneka kuona uye kubvisa pakati pe7 luni-solar masaisai, ayo paavhareji anoverengera anosvika makumi manomwe muzana ekusiyana kwechiratidzo chega chega.

A mechanism

Ngatimboonai muchidimbu nzira ye electrokinetic. Ngatitii muti wacho une migero, inotorwa semasirinda enguva dzose anosvika pamusoro pemuti, umo muto unotenderera. Kutenderera uku hakusati kwanyatsonzwisiswa (ona [5, 44–49]).

Rega chiteshi chechikamu S chehurefu husingaverengeki. Isu tichangoita kurongeka kwehukuru hwekuverenga kwekumanikidza shanduko muchiteshi nekuda kwekuvapo kwemasimba eZuva kana (uye) Mwedzi. Ngatitorei nyaya yeMwedzi. g kuva simba regiravhiti rePasi (chaizvoizvo kukwidziridzwa kuri mu ms −2, uye tinoregeredza pano kuitika kwekutenderera kweNyika; g = 9.81ms −2 paPasi).

The vertical component the Moon tide, inogara ichikwezva, iri paPasi penyika yakapihwa nehukama hunotevera,

σ f is the conductivity of the fluid (sap), ε ndiyo conductivity yemvura (sap), ζ ndiyo ζ-inogoneka (pano pakati pemvura uye rusvingo rwehuni rwemugero) uye η the viscosity yemvura. Muchokwadi isu tinoziva zvishoma nezve kukosha kweC kunoenderana nemiti. Kukosha kwemunda wemagetsi kunogona kuve kwehurongwa hwe10 mV/m chete kana C iri yehurongwa hwe10V/Pa. Kukosha kwakadaro kwakakura zvichienzaniswa nehunhu hunowanikwa mumabhuku, hunowanzo enderana nematombo.

A generalization mukati uye mukati memarudzi

Sezvatakambotaura, masaisai emvura mafungu ane nzvimbo huru dzakawedzerwa; izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kutaridzirwa nguva dzose pamusoro peMNHNo . Isu takabvisawo masaini kubva muoki yedu nehornbeams tichishandisa SSA (ona Mufananidzo 4), uye isu tinongopa iyo lunar-solar tide k1 (ona Mufananidzo 7). Chekutanga checherechedzo pano ndechokuti, pasinei zvapo norudzi rwomuti uye munhu ari mukati merudzi irworwo rumwe cheterwo, kutenderera kwamafungu epasi ari muchikamu.

Iwo maamplitudes mumwedzi yaApril naMay 2023, kune vanhu vese, ari pahurongwa hwe ± 10 kusvika 20 mV. Aya makoshero anowirirana neaya e electrode E18 yeRP (zvakare pahunde yakatarisana neNorth) mukati memwedzi mimwecheteyo (ona Mufananidzo 5, kumusoro kuruboshwe, yero curve). Nokudaro, pasinei nenguva, nhasi uye makore makumi maviri apfuura, kuyerwa kwemagetsi emagetsi pamatanda emhando mitatu yakasiyana yemiti inodonha (Poplar, Hornbeams, uye Oaks) inoratidza, kune rumwe rutivi, kuenzanisa amplitudes ezvikwanisiro izvi. Kune rimwe divi, iwo pseudo-matenderedzwa anoagadzira, senge K1 tide inoratidzwa pano, iri muchikamu, yakazvimirira pamunhu. Aya masimba emagetsi, zvirinani sezvakaratidzwa pano nokuda kwe diurnal K1, akabatanidzwa nekukwira kwemvura kuburikidza ne electrokinetic effect (ona [16]). Icho chokwadi chekuti zviratidzo zvese zveichi chiitiko chimwechete chiri muchikamu uye cheiyo kurongeka kwehukuru, kunyangwe paine misiyano iri muvanhu (akasiyana hukuru, akasiyana canopies, akasiyana physiology), inotitungamira kuti titende kuti izvo zvatakaita uye nzira yatakaita. zvinopihwa zvine simba. Kune chikamu chakakosha, kutamiswa kwemuto kunofanirwa, sekune mafungu ese emvura kunze kwePasi, kune kumanikidza kwemafungu epasi.

5 Kukurukurirana

Kubva pane zvakatevedzana zvemagetsi SP data yakanyorwa paPoplar muti mu2003 (ona [16]), isu tinokurudzira kugadzirisa mubvunzo wemvura inoyerera mumiti. Nhasi, kune iyi nzira, zvinyorwa zvitatu zvinotaurwa, izvo zvisiri izvo zvakasarudzika: capillarity, osmotic pressure, uye evapotranspiration. Takurukura uye kutsoropodza mukana weiyi michina munhanganyaya yedu.

Muchidzidzo chenguva pfupi yapfuura (ona [33]), takakwanisa kuyera kuti simba rinokwevera pasi rinoshanda paNyika, kuburikidza nekusiyana kwekutenderera kwayo uye kurereka, inogona kukanganisa kukura kwemhete dzemiti musango reTibetan juniper kwenguva yakareba. 1000 makore nekugadzirisa iyo inouya solar radiation. Kukura kwezvindori zvemuti kwakabatana ne photosynthesis uye, naizvozvo, zvakare kune hukama nekuyerera kwemuto unotenderera mu xylem uye phloem, iyo inotakura chikafu muchirimwa chose. Pakutanga kurongeka, semvura yese iri mukati nepamusoro pePasi, kufamba kwemuto uyu, zvisinei nekuwanda kwayo, kunofanirwa kufambiswa zvishoma kana kuti zvachose nemafungu ezuva-solar, kunyanya munguva (¡18.6 years) idzo dziri kunyanya kufarira bepa rino. Gibert et al. ([33]) yakasimbisa kuti kuyerera kwemvura uye chiratidzo chemagetsi chakanyorwa chaive chakabatanidzwa ne electrokinetic phenomena. Nokudaro, kuitira kuti titsanangure kufamba kwemvura kubva pakuona kwefizikiki, isu tiri kubata pano neine harmonic pumping phenomenon (ona [17, 18]).

Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinoramba zvichirekodhwa mumiti zviratidzo zvisiri-zvinomira mupfungwa yakasimba. Izvi zvinodzivirira kushandiswa kwakananga kweFourier shanduko kuona nguva (kureva, masaisai emwedzi wezuva) angaagadzira. Uyezve, kuyerwa vagary dzimwe nguva kunokonzeresa kukanganisa muhurongwa hwekurekodha, zvichikonzera kuti data rirege kuenderera. Ndosaka takasarudza iyo Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) nzira yekuongorora zviyero zveRemungol poplar. Iyi nzira inobatsira kudzikisira zvikanganiso zvinogona mukududzirwa kwechinyakare spectra.

MuFigure 5 ne6, takaratidza iwo mashanu makuru ekunyepedzera akatorwa kubva mumagetsi angangoita data yepoplar. Ose anofambirana chaizvo nenguva dzemasaisai emwedzi-zuva (P1, K1, S1, Mf, neK2, cf. Tafura yedu 1). Nguva dzatakatora kubva kumasaini emagetsi, ayo anoshanda semaproxies ekuyerera kwemvura, ari mukati me 0.01% yeakaverengerwa mwedzi-solar tidal nguva. Iyi nhanho yekurongeka inoshamisa uye inogona kuwanikwa chete nemagiravhimita anodhura anodhura makumi emamiriyoni emaeuro.

Huwandu hwezvinhu zvakabviswa, izvo zvatinotenda kuve zvikamu zvemvura, kazhinji zvinoverengera zvinopfuura makumi manomwe muzana emusiyano wakazara mumasaini akarekodhwa emagetsi.

Kana tikaongorora zvakadzama masaini akanyorwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzePoplar (mudzi, bazi, hunde) kune yakapihwa tide, tinoona kuti masaisai ane chekuita nemafungu aya haana kuchinjwa nenzira imwechete. Aya amplitude modulations anogona kunge akasiyana zvachose kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, sezvazvakaita kune mafungu uye maelectrodes E1, E8, E32, uye E34 (ona Mifananidzo 4). Nekudaro, ivo vanogona zvakare kuve vakafanana asi vakaganhurwa munguva. Semuenzaniso, tinogona kuona kuti maitiro ezviratidzo akanyorwa ne electrode E7 uye E12 yemafungu akafanana asi akachinjwa nemavhiki maviri (ona Mifananidzo 5). Pasina kupokana, misiyano yeamplitudes uye zvikamu zvakaonekwa mumasaini akanyorwa emuti wePoplar anogona kunge ane hukama nemhinduro yawo yemuviri.

Kubva pane zvakaonekwa izvi, takatanga kugadzirisa kwemasvomhu equation ine chekuita nechiitiko chatinotenda kuti ndicho chinokonzera kuyerera kwemvura, tichivavarira kuongorora iyo electrokinetic coefficient inoenderana nePoplar tree, zvakafanana nezvinoitwa mugeophysics yematombo. (ona equation 17). Isu takawana kukosha kwe10 V/Pa, iyo inowanzokwira zvakapetwa kagumi pane kukosha kwakayerwa mumatombo. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti miti haisi matombo, sezvatinogona nemufananidzo we xylem geometry muMufananidzo 01, sap flow haina kukanganiswa nemhando ipi zvayo yehuturu, kusiyana nematombo. Uyezve, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti muto hausi mvura.

Mubvunzo wemisiyano yeamplitude modulations pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuti wePoplar, pamwe nemubvunzo wehuwandu hwemhedzisiro yedu inoshamisa, watitungamira kuti tibudise kuyedza kumwe chete muna 2019 kuNational Museum of Natural History, asi panguva ino. mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti.

Sezvatataura, tine miti mitatu yemioki, nyanga mbiri, sequoia imwe, musapuresi mumwe, uye muti wemukoko. Isu takangopa zvakacherechedzwa zvatinonyora pamiti yemiouki nehornbeam nezvikonzero zviviri. Chikonzero chekutanga ndechekuti, isu tine vanhu vakawanda vemhando imwe chete, zvichiita kuti tiite intra-species kuenzanisa. Chikonzero chechipiri ndechekuti, iyi miti mishanu iri munzvimbo imwe chete, ichigovera imwechete referensi electrode. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti titarise kuenzanisa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, tichifunga kuti kupararira kwemafungu emagetsi ndiko kuti miti yose yeParisian ichabatwa panguva imwe chete uye nehukuru hwakafanana nemafungu epasi.

Sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 4 uye 7, maamplitudes uye kusiyana kwawo kunosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe munhu kune mumwe, izvo zvatisingagoni kufungidzira mukuedza kweRemungol. Sezvatinogona kuona muMufananidzo 13a uye mune mamwe mashoko muMufananidzo 7 (kana mafungu abviswa), kune rumwe rutivi, zvikamu zvezuva nezuva zvemiti yemiouki mitatu haina magetsi akafanana amplitudes (pamwe chete electrode urefu), uye kune rumwe rutivi, nguva yakareba-oscillations inooneka pa2 yavo (ona Mufananidzo 4). Isu tinoita zvakafanana zvakacherechedzwa kune hornbeams. Zvisinei, izvo zvinosimbiswa neFigure 13c uye 14c ndezvekuti zvikamu zvinowirirana nediurnal tide zvakakwana muchikamu, kubva kune mumwe munhu kuenda kune mumwe, pasinei nemarudzi.

Nokudaro, fungidziro yedu yemhepo-yezuva semhepo huru yekufambisa kwemvura inoyerera inosimbiswa zvose nehupfumi hwekucherechedza uye kunyatsoita kwavo kunoshamisa. Kudzokororwa kwekutarisa uku nhasi nemiti paMNHN Observatory inosimbisa mhedzisiro yeRemungol uye inowedzera dingindira rekutsvagisa iro ratisati taita, iro rekuti, iyo physiology yemiti inoita seisina kukanganisa nguva, asi modulations yavo.

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