Trust-based Currencies paBlockchain: Trustlines Network, Circles UBI, uye Karma

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pemari, vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezvechimiro chayo chemuviri, ndiko kuti, mabhengi nemari. Zvechokwadi, mazuva ano hatiwanzobhadhara nemari yepanyama. Kazhinji yenguva, tinoshandisa kadhi rebhangi, iro riri nyore zvikuru. Mumwe angafunga kuti mari iri pakadhi rebhangi yakangofanana nemari yatingabata mumaoko edu. Vakawanda vanodavira kuti kadhi rokubhengi rinongobatsira uye kuti mari iri pairi inochengeterwa mubhangi. Nekudaro, iyi ifungidziro huru!

Tikatarisa kubank account yedu toona kuti mune $1000 imomo, hazvirevi kuti mari iyi iriko chero papi muchimiro chemuviri. Zvinongoreva kuti bhanga rine chikwereti kwatiri $1000. Bhengi inovimbisa kuti tinogona kutora mari iyi muchimiro chemuviri kubva kuATM chero nguva, asi izvi hazviwanzo kuitika nekuti kushandisa kadhi rebhangi kuri nyore. Zvakafanana ne "IOU manotsi" muDumb uye Dumber.

Mari iri muakaundi yedu yebhangi ichikwereti chebhangi kwatiri, uye chikwereti ichi chinoshanda senzira yekutsinhana nayo. Kana tikabhadhara nekadhi rebhangi uye mutengesi anoshandisawo bhangi rimwechete (saka hapana interbank transfer), bhangi rinongogadzirisa chikwereti pamabhuku ayo. Kana tikabhadhara $100 pachitoro, bhanga racho rava nechikwereti chedu $900 chete, ukuwo muridzi wechitoro aine chikwereti chemadhora zana. Chero bedzi isu tisingabvisi mari kubva kuATM kana pasina interbank transaction, bhangi rinongoda kudzoreredza chikwereti nekudzoka.

Ngatitarisei muenzaniso wakapfava. Tinobvisa chikwereti che$100 kubva kubhanga. Bhangi rinobva ratora $100 kuaccount yedu. Tinogona kushandisa mari iyi nekadhi redu rekubhanga sezvataizoita nemari, saka bhanga rakagadzira mari kubva mumhepo. Isu tinopedza iyi $100 muchitoro uye tinotenga chimwe chinhu. Nekuda kwekureruka, ngatifungei kuti muridzi wechitoro anoshandisawo bhangi rimwe chete sezvatinoita, saka kutengeserana kunopedzwa kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwakapfava. Gare gare, tinodzorera chikwereti che $ 100 kubhangi, iyo inobva yabvisa chikwereti.

Asi chii chinonyatsoitika? Sezvo mari iri muakaundi iri chikwereti chebhanga, chinotoitika ndechekuti patinotora chikwereti che$100, tinova nechikwereti kubhanga, uye madhora zana anowanikwa muakaundi yedu yechikwereti inomirira chikwereti chebhanga kwatiri. Kana tichibhadhara nemari iyi muchitoro, tinenge tichitoendesa chikwereti ichi. Mushure mekubhadhara, bhangi rine chikwereti kumuridzi wechitoro. Saka, tine chikwereti kubhangi chemadhora zana, uye bhangi rine chikwereti chemadhora zana kumuridzi wechitoro. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo: sei isu tichitoda bhangi? Sei ndichifanira kutora chikwereti kubva kubhangi uye kubhadhara mubereko pairi? Sei ndisingagone kutenga nechikwereti kuchitoro ndozobhadhara muridzi wechitoro gare gare?

Mhinduro iri nyore kwazvo: imhaka yekuti bhangi rine chikwereti chakavimbika, isu tisiri! Asi kana zviri izvo, sei bhanga richitikweretesa mari? Sei muridzi wechitoro asingativimbi zvakakwana kuti atipe chikwereti, asi bhanga rinodaro?

Patinotora chikwereti kubhangi, bhanga rinoongorora kuti zvine njodzi sei kutikweretesa mari. Bhangi rinoongorora zvinhu zvedu, mari yatinowana nguva dzose, nezvimwewo. Kana tikatadza kubhadhara chikwereti, bhanga rine nzira dziri pamutemo dzekudzosera chikwereti. Semuenzaniso, vanogona kutengesa mota yedu kuti vabhadhare chikwereti.

Bhangi, naizvozvo, murevereri anoshandura chikwereti chisina kuvimbika kuva chikwereti chakavimbika.

Hurongwa hwemari hwemazuvano hwese hwakavakirwa pakuvimbana. Muchokwadi, sezvo mabhangi achigadzira mari kubva mumhepo, mari haisi chinhu kunze kwekuvimba kwakamisikidzwa! Kune avo vanofarira nhoroondo yakadzama yemari, munogona kuverenga chinyorwa changu chakapfuura, chinotsanangura mafambiro akaita mari kubva ku decentralized trust kuenda kucentralized trust.

Zviripachena, hapana anofarira kukweretesa mari kuvatorwa, ndosaka tichida murevereri akavimbika: bhangi. Asi chii chinoitika kana paine kuvimba kwakakwana pakati pemutengesi nemutengi? Tinofara kukweretesa kunyange mazana emadhora kushamwari kana nhengo yemhuri nekuti tinoziva kuti vachaidzorera. Mukutengeserana kwehushamwari, hapana chikonzero chebhangi.

Uye zvakadini neshamwari yeshamwari? Isu hativazive zvakananga, asi kana tikatenga $100, tinogona kukweretesa $100 kushamwari yedu yatinovimba nayo, ivo vobva vakweretesa $100 iyoyo kushamwari yavo yavanovimba nayo. Tinogona kudaidza iyi mhando ye "transitive trust." Nekuda kweiyi "transitive trust," kunyangwe macheni ekukweretesa anogona kugadzirwa uko pasina kudiwa kwebhangi. Maererano ne "S ix Degrees of Separation ", paavhareji, munhu wese ari pasi pano anozivana kuburikidza nevanhu vatanhatu, zvinoreva kuti macheni mapfupi ekukweretesa anogona kuvhara pasirese, achibvisa kudiwa kwebhangi semurevereri.

Kuverengera kwemaketani aya kungave kwakaoma kana kukaitwa nemaoko, asi nerombo rakanaka, nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, hunogona kutariswa zviri nyore. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuve neiyo pasi rose accounting system isingagone kukanganiswa uye iyo munhu wese anogona kuvimba nayo. Neraki, isu tine system yakadai: iyo blockchain.

"Transitive trust" ndiyo nheyo yeprojekti yeTrustlines Network , iyo inoshandisa chaizvo pfungwa inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa paEthereum blockchain.

Nheyo yeTrustlines Network ndiyo mutsara wechikwereti, iyo ndiyo mutsara wechikwereti pakati pevanozivana vaviri. Mumuenzaniso uri pamusoro, Alice naBob vakaseta madhora gumi. Kana Alice achida kutenga maapuro kubva kuna Bob, anomubhadhara $5, iyo, seakaundi yekubhangi, inongove yekupinda muleja. Alice anotora maapuro, uye chikwereti chemadhora mashanu chinoonekwa pa blockchain chakanangana naBob. Kana gare gare Bob akakumbira Alice kugera bvudzi rake uye kumubhadhara madhora gumi, chikwereti chaAlice chinonyangarika, uye zvino Bob ane chikwereti chaAlice chemadhora mashanu. Kutengeswa kwemari kuviri kwakapedzwa zvinobudirira, uye pakanga pasina chikonzero chokubatanidza bhangi.

Kana munhu wechitatu, asingazivi Alice, akapinda mumufananidzo, "transitive trust" inotanga kushanda. Kana Alice achida kutenga kirogiramu yemapeya kubva kuCharlie nemadhora mashanu, haakwanise kuzviita zvakananga nekuti Charlie haazive Alice. Zvisinei, Charlie anoziva Bob, saka kutengeserana kunogona kupedzwa kuburikidza naBob uchishandisa mubhadharo we-multi-hop. Charlie anopa mapeya kuna Alice, uye pa blockchain, zvakanyorwa kuti Alice ane chikwereti chaBob madhora mashanu, uye Bob ane chikwereti chakafanana kuna Charlie. Sezvauri kuona, iyo sisitimu inoshanda zvakakwana pakati pevasingazive kuburikidza netiweki yehukama, pasina kudiwa kwebhangi semurevereri. Chinongodiwa chete kutsvaga nzira pakati pemapato maviri.

Denderedzwa UBI inoshandisa pfungwa yakafanana, uye haingori hurongwa hwemari chete asiwo Universal Basic Income (UBI) kuita.

Izvo zvakakosha zveUniversal Basic Income (UBI) ndezvekuti munhu wese anofanirwa kugashira mari yemwedzi nemwedzi nekutadza. Pfungwa ye "mari yemahara" inogona kuita seinoshamisa pakutanga, asi inogona kururamiswa munzira dzakawanda. Nharo dzezvemagariro evanhu uye dzetsika dzakajeka: munhu wese ane kodzero yehupenyu hune chiremera. Zvisinei, panewo zvikonzero zvoupfumi. Somuenzaniso, kana vanhu vasiri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma nokuti havafaniri kushanda kuti vararame, kukwikwidzana mumusika wevashandi kunowedzera, zvichiita kuti vawane mihoro yakanaka. Naizvozvo, UBI inogona kumutsa makwikwi, inova hwaro hwehupfumi hwemazuva ano.

Kana tichitaura nezve mari yekutanga, mubvunzo wekutanga ndewenguva dzose kwatichawana mari yacho. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yechinyakare, nyika inofanirwa kuunganidza mari nenzira yemitero, inozogovaniswa semari yekutanga. Izvi zvinoita sezvine musoro zvakakwana, asi kune dzimwe dzidziso dzinoratidza kuti izvi zvingave zvisinganyanyi kukosha.

Maererano neMonetary Monetary Theory (MMT) , semuenzaniso, nyika inogona kudhinda mari yakasununguka kuti ivhare mashandisirwo akakosha kunharaunda, senge mari isingaite. Vatsigiri vedzidziso yechinyakare vanopindura kuti kudhinda mari kunounza inflation, asi MMT inopokana kuti ichi hachisi chokwadi. Inflation inoitika kana paine mari yakawanda muhupfumi kupfuura kune zviwanikwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mari yakawanda inogoverwa kune imwe neimwe yezvigadzirwa, iyo inoderedza mari. Nekudaro, huwandu hwezviwanikwa hunochinja, saka kana nyika ikadzora kupihwa kwemari nemazvo, hazvizotungamira kune hyperinflation. Kuchengetedza chiyero, MMT inoonawo zvakakosha kuunganidza mitero, asi nepo classical theory ichiti mitero inofanirwa kubhadhara mari inoshandiswa, MMT inotenda kuti mitero inodiwa kugadzirisa kugoverwa kwemari. Maererano neMMT, nyika haiunganidzi mitero kuti iwane mari yekushandisa (izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekudhinda mari), asi "kupisa" mari yakaunganidzwa uye nokudaro kugadzirisa huwandu hwemari mukutenderera, kudzora inflation mukuita. Kana nyika ichipa mari inowanikwa kuburikidza nemari yakadhindwa pachena, inodaidzwa kuti mari yekutanga mari.

Denderedzwa UBI ndeyekuitwa kweiyo mari yekutanga mari pa blockchain. Pfungwa inokosha ndeyokuti panzvimbo yemari imwe chete yakabudiswa nehurumende, nhengo imwe neimwe ine mari yayo. Saka, pachinzvimbo chedhora rakafanana, pane Alice Dollar, Bob Dollar, zvichingodaro. Kuita sekunge munhu wese ane nyika yake nebhanga guru renyika, achipa mari yake. Mari iyi inogoverwa kumunhu semari yekutanga, inovimbiswa nekontrakiti yakangwara. Semuenzaniso, Alice anogamuchira gumi AliceCoins zuva rega rega semari yekutanga, iyo yaanogona kushandisa kubata mari yake. Iyi nzira yekugadzira mari inogadza kushomeka kweAliceCoin, iyo inofanirwa kuti iite semari.

Sezvakangoita muTrustlines Network, kuvimba kunotaridza kuti mari yaani inogamuchirwa naani. Kana Bob achivimba naAlice, achabvuma AliceCoin semubhadharo. Kana Alice achivimba naCarol, achagamuchira CarolCoin semubhadharo. Hukama hunochinja, senge muTrustlines Network. Saka, kana Carol achida kubhadhara Bob, anotanga anofanira kuchinjana CarolCoin yake yeAliceCoin. Kutsinhana pakati pemapato akavimbika nguva dzose kunoitika pa1: 1 hwaro.

Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vanononoka kujoiner kune network havaregi, mari yacho inoramba ichiwedzera, saka mukana wevabatsiri vepakutanga unokurumidza kupera kana uchienzaniswa nevaya vanobatana gare gare. Inflation inoshandawo senzira yekugovera patsva, kugadzirisa misiyano pakati penhengo. Inogona kuonekwa semhando yemutero wehupfumi, sezvo avo vane zvakawanda vanobatwa zvakanyanya. Somuenzaniso, kana mari ikarasikirwa ne10% yeukoshi hwayo gore negore, mumwe ane $1000 anorasikirwa ne$100, asi mumwe ane $100 anongorasikirwa ne$10. Sezvo munhu wese achiwana mari yekutanga zvakaenzana, nzira iyi inobatsira kuderedza kusaenzana. Chinonetsa chemhinduro iyi ndechekuti zvinogona kunetsa kuti vanhu vatarise inflation. Semuenzaniso, mutengo wekrete yemaapuro unogara uchichinja nekuda kweiyo yakavakirwa-mukati inflation. Kuti udzivise izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti mushandisi aratidze kwete iwo chaiwo mari, asi iyo inflation-yakagadziridzwa kukosha. Nenzira iyi, kana pasina zvimwe zvinhu (senge shanduko mukudiwa kana kupihwa) zvinokanganisa mutengo wemaapuro, zvinozoonekwa zvakagadziriswa paUI.

Nekuda kweiyo UBI logic, kushanda kwemari yeCircles UBI kwakafanana neBitcoin, uko imwe mari inogoverwa maminetsi ega ega. Nekudaro, nepo muBitcoin vacheri vanokwikwidzana nemari, muDenderedzwa UBI nhengo dzinodzigamuchira nekusarudzika izvo zvakanyanya kunaka.

Mukana wakakura weakadaro "transitive trust" masisitimu ndeyekuti anodzivirirwa kubva kuSybil kurwiswa kana maakaundi enhema. Fungidzira mumwe munhu anogadzira 1000 maakaundi uye anounganidza yakajairika mari inowanikwa kubva kune yega yega. Kurwisa kwakadaro kunogona kukanganisa hurongwa hwese zviri nyore. Nekudaro, sezvo mari ichigona kungofamba munzira dzakatarwa nekuvimba nemunhu, maakaundi emanyepo harisi dambudziko nekuti hapana anovavimba. Semuenzaniso, kana Alice akagadzira fake account, hazvizomubatsiri zvakanyanya, sezvo Alice chete aizogamuchira iyo FakeCoin kubva kuaccount yenhema.

Panguva imwecheteyo, masisitimu aya ane zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha. Vanogona chete kushanda nemazvo kana network yakakora zvakakwana. Kana Alice achiziva Bob, uye Carol achiziva Tom, Alice anogona kutengeserana naBob, asi haakwanise kutengeserana naCarol kana Tom nekuti havana kuzivana. Dambudziko iri rinogadziriswa neKarma, inova yangu inetiweki mari pfungwa.

Karma inoshandisa "humbowo hwemunhu akasarudzika" pfungwa pachinzvimbo che "web yekuvimba." Chinokosha cheizvi ndechekuti kana tikakwanisa kuve nechokwadi, kuburikidza nemhinduro yechitatu-bato, kuti munhu wega wega anogona kuve neakaundi imwe chete uye kuti maakaundi emanyepo haagone kugadzirwa, kutengeserana kwakananga kunogoneka. Dzakawanda dzakadaro dzechitatu-bato mhinduro dziripo. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeye WorldID World , iyo inovimbisa kusaenzana kunobva pane retinal scans, kana Proof of Humanity , inova webhu yakaoma yekuvimba-based solution. Chero KYC (Ziva Mutengi Wako) mhinduro inovimbisa kusarudzika inogona zvakare kuita ichi chinangwa.

Huzivi hweKarma ndehwekuti kuvimba nemunhu hakuna basa. Chinongodiwa ibhuku hombe reruzhinji rinoonekwa zvikwereti zvemunhu wese. Mukurumbira wemunhu wega wega unoenderana nechikwereti chake, saka zvakanakira munhu wese kuderedza chikwereti chake nekufamba kwenguva. Avo vane zvikwereti zvikuru vachawana kuti vamwe havadi zvikuru kutengeserana navo.

Karma inoshandisa zvose izvi nenzira yechiratidzo che ERC20 chiri nyore, apo chiyero chemunhu mumwe nomumwe chinotangira pa 0 uye chinowedzera nekubhadhara kwega kwega (chisara pano chinomiririra chikwereti). Munhu wega wega anogona kungove neKarma chikwama chimwe chete, chakavimbiswa neWorldID kana Humbowo hweKunyoreswa Kwevanhu. Sezvo iri nyore ERC20 tokeni, kubhadhara kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nechero standard interface.

Kana Alice akatenga kireti ramaapuro kubva kuna Bob nemadhora gumi, Alice anopinza chikwereti chemadhora gumi kuna Bob. Kana Bob achibva atenga mapeya kubva kuna Carol ne$10, Bob anopinza chikwereti che$10 kuna Carol. Pakupedzisira, kana Carol akagerwa vhudzi naAlice nemadhora gumi, anopinzawo chikwereti che$10. Saka, munhu wese ane chikwereti chakaenzana chemadhora gumi, icho chinoonekwa pachena. Zvikwereti zvedenderedzwa izvi zvinoda kugadziriswa muhurongwa hwekuvandudza mazita enhengo. Iri harisi basa diki, rakafanana nekutsvaga nzira pamepu. Ndicho chikonzero kune "miners" muhurongwa vanotsvaga nekugadzirisa zvikwereti zvakadaro zvakatenderera. Kana mushandi wemugodhi akawana denderedzwa rakadaro, anoriendesa kune system, iyo inogadzirisa chikwereti chedenderedzwa, kuderedza chikwereti chenhengo dzese kusvika pamadhora 0. Sezvo zviri mufaro yenhengo kuvandudza mukurumbira wavo, vanobhadhara mari shoma yekutengeserana kumugodhi.

Kunyange zvazvo ndaishandisa madhora mumuenzaniso, ndaifungidzira Karma semari inodiwa, apo 100 karma yaizomiririra awa imwe chete yebasa. Izvi zvinogona kukurudzira hupfumi hwakavakirwa panyasha. Somuenzaniso, Bob anocheka uswa hwaAlice, uye Alice anomubhadhara karma 100 nokuda kwokuonga. Zvadaro, Alice anogera bvudzi raJohn, uye John anobhadharawo karma yake zana. Pakupedzisira, John anopa Bob chokufambisa paanenge achirovera pamugwagwa, uye Bob anomutenda nekarma 100. Panzvimbo pekutengeserana kwemari, izvi "zvibvumirano zvenyasha," saka uzivi hwakafanana nekarma , iyo inoti kana tikaitira vamwe zvakanaka, zvinhu zvakanaka zvichaitikawo kwatiri. Iyi sisitimu nokudaro inokwana karma. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, karma inogona kuvonekwa semhando yekutamba yekupa mafambiro, uko nhengo dzinokwikwidza kuve munhu ari nani.

Karma yakatanga kusikwa se "favour money," asi sezvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso uri pamusoro, unoshanda zvakanaka semubatsiri kana kutsiva iyo yechinyakare mari system. Zvakafanana neP2P yekukweretesa system uko chibatiso ndiyo yakasarudzika kuzivikanwa kwemunhu, inova nzira yakasimba yekuchengetedza. Kana mumwe munhu akakundikana kubhadhara chikwereti chake, haazombokwanisi kugamuchira chikwereti kubva kune ani zvake munyika zvakare, zvinobudirira kubviswa kubva muhurongwa nekusingaperi-izvi zvinoshanda sechidziviriro chine simba.

Iyo mipimo yakakura kwazvo yetrust-based masisitimu inotsanangurwa pamusoro ndeye kuzvivimba pachako. Kutengeswa kwepamusoro-soro (kunokosha zviuru zvemadhora) hakugoni kuitwa chete kuburikidza nekuvimba nemunhu. Kana ari mabhanga, izvi zvinogoneka nekuti anotsigirwa nemutemo. Kana tikatora chikwereti chemadhora zana, hupfumi hwedu hwese hunoshanda sechibatiso sezvo bhangi richigona kutengesa mota yedu kana zvichidikanwa kubhadhara chikwereti. Blockchain-based currencies haigoni kupa zvivimbiso zvakadaro. Nekudaro, chatinogona kuita kusungira zvinhu kuchibvumirano chakangwara, chinogona kushanda sechibatiso kana tikasabhadhara zvikwereti zvedu, nekudaro tichivaka kumwe kuvimbana. Semuenzaniso, paGnosis cheni, tinogona kuisa 1000 xDAI zviri nyore, iyo yakaenzana ne1000 $. Kana tikatadza kubhadhara chikwereti chedu kune mumwe munhu mukati meimwe nguva, chibatiso chinogona kutorwa pane ino smart kontrakiti mukutsinhana nexDAI. Iyi mhinduro inopa vimbiso yakasimba yakakwana kunyange yekutengeserana kwepamusoro-soro.

Ngatitarisei muenzaniso wekuti zvese izvi zvaizoshanda sei muchiitiko cheKarma. Bob mugadziri wepurogiramu anoshandira kambani yeUber-inoshandwa neDAO. Kambani inobatanidza vatyairi nevafambi uye inobhadharisa mari yekutengeserana, iyo yainoshandisa kuzviraramisa, kugadzira software, nezvimwewo Bob anogadzirisa tsikidzi kukambani, iyo yaanogamuchira iyo Karma inokosha $ 100. Bob anogona kuzorora zviri nyore nekuti kambani yakakiya chikamu chematokeni ekutonga muchibvumirano chakangwara sechibatiso. Kana Bob akasashandisa iyo $100 inokosha yeKarma mukati memwedzi mitatu, anogona kuitsinhanisa nematokeni ekutonga anoshandiswa sechibatiso uye ozvitengesa pamusika. Mamiriro epamusoro-soro, hongu, ndeyekuti Bob anoshandisa Karma. Somuenzaniso, anokumbira Alice kuti amushandurire gwaro repamutemo. Alice anokumbira madhora zana eKarma mukudzoka. Sezvo Alice achiwanzoshandisa matekisi, iyo $100 Karma yaizodzokera kuDAO semuripo wekutengesa. Izvi zvinovhara loop, uye zviratidzo zvekutonga zvinoramba zviri mumudziyo wechibvumirano.

Asset collateral inogona, hongu, kushanda munyaya yeTrustlines Network uye Circles UBI zvakare, zvichibatsira kumisa hukama pakati penhengo dzisina kuvimbana. Izvi, zvakare, zvinogona kugadzirisa dambudziko re sparse network.

Zviri pachena kuti trust-based currencies yataurwa pamusoro apa inogona kuenderana nehurongwa hwemari huripo, kana mune dzimwe nguva (semuenzaniso, nharaunda dzenharaunda dzine hupfumi hwenzvimbo) dzinotoitsiva. Chinhu chaicho chekutora ndechekuti izwi rekuti "trust-based currency" harina zvarinoreva, sezvo marudzi ese emari ari trust-based. Musiyano uripo pakati pemari ndewatinofanira kuvimba naye — nyika, mabhangi, zvibvumirano zvakangwara uye midziyo, kana mumwe nemumwe. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti iyo blockchain-yakavakirwa mari inoratidzwa pamusoro haisi "yekutamba mari." Dziri pamutemo semari yatinoona mumaakaundi edu ekubhanga.