I-Great Ethereum Traffic Jam yango-2023: Yisole Emibhalweni

Ithebula Lezixhumanisi

Abstract kanye 1. Isingeniso

1.1 Imibuzo yocwaningo kanye neminikelo

2. Umsebenzi Ohlobene

3. Ingemuva

4. Imibhalo kanye nama-ordinals

   4.1 Izinhlobo zokusebenza

   4.2 Ukuqhathanisa nama-NFTs nama-ERC-20s

5. Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha

6. Ukuhlaziya Okubalulekile kanye 6.1 Sekukonke Ukuthengiselana

   6.2 Izinhlamvu ezibhalwe phansi

   6.3 Ukuhweba Ngemibhalo

   6.4 Umthelela Ezinkokhelweni Zegesi

7. Ingxoxo

8. Isiphetho Nezikhombo

Abstract

Ngaphandle kwezinga lokunakwa okunikezwe ama-rollups kukhona ucwaningo olulinganiselwe olumayelana nokusebenza kwawo. Ukuze sibhekane naleli gebe, senza ukuhlaziya okuphelele okuqhutshwa yidatha kwe-boom yakamuva ka-2023 ebizwa ngokuthi imibhalo: indlela entsha yokurekhoda idatha ku-blockchain ngaphandle kweseva yangaphandle edingekayo. Imibhalo ebhalwe phansi yethulwa okokuqala ku-Bitcoin blockchain ukuze ivumele ukumelwa kwe-NFTs noma amathokheni afana ne-ERC-20 ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile, kodwa kamuva yasakazwa kwamanye ama-blockchains.

Lo msebenzi uhlola ukusetshenziswa kokuthengiselana okubhaliwe ku-Ethereum kanye nama-rollups ayo amakhulu ahambisanayo e-EVM kanye nomthelela wako ekukhuleni kwe-blockchain phakathi nezikhathi zokwanda kokwenziwe okungazelelwe. Sithole ukuthi ngezinsuku ezithile, ukuthengiselana okuhlobene nombhalo kuhlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-89% ku-Arbitrum, ngaphezulu kuka-88% ku-zkSync Era, nangaphezulu kuka-53% ku-Ethereum. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-99% ale misebenzi ayehlobene nokumbiwa kwezinhlamvu zemali ze-meme, okulandelwa umsebenzi wokuhweba olinganiselwe. Ngokungafani nama-blockchain e-L1, phakathi nezikhathi zokwenyuka komsebenzi, i-zkSync ne-Arbitrum yahlangabezana nezindleko eziphansi zegesi ye-median, okudalwe ukucindezelwa kokuthenga kwe-L2 ngenqwaba ye-L1 eyodwa. Ukwengeza, i-zkSync Era, i-ZK rollup, ibonise ukuncishiswa okunamandla kwezimali kune-rollups enethemba elicatshangelwe ocwaningweni lwethu: I-Arbitrum, Base, kanye ne-Optimism.

Ukubonga u-J. Messias no-K. Gogol banikele ngokulinganayo kulo msebenzi. Lesi sihloko socwaningo siwumsebenzi wokufunda futhi sibonisa imibono nemibono yababhali. Ayibonisi imibono noma imibono yanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu noma inhlangano, kuhlanganisa nomqashi wababhali. Abafundi akufanele bathembele kulesi sihloko ekwenzeni izinqumo zamasu noma zezentengiso, futhi ababhali abanasibopho sanoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa okungase kube umphumela wokusetshenziswa okunjalo.

1 Isingeniso

Selokhu kwethulwa i-Bitcoin [23] futhi kamuva ne-Ethereum [39], ama-blockchains abone ukwanda kokutholwa, okuqhutshwa kakhulu yizimiso zawo zokusabalalisa [5, 27]. Lokhu kunyuka kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene (i-DApps), okuhlanganisa ukuhwebelana okumisiwe (i-DEXes) [12, 3, 18], izivumelwano zokuboleka [29, 26], amathokheni angenasikhunta (NFTs) obuciko [ 13], nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokuphathwa kwe-supply chain [28, 30], kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwezindawo [18, 3, 20, 21].

Ezinhlelweni ezisabalalisiwe, okubandakanya ama-blockchains, kukhona ukuhwebelana okuyisisekelo lapho i-blockchain ngayinye ingakwazi ukuthuthukisa izici ezimbili kwezintathu ezibalulekile: ukuphepha, ukusabalalisa, kanye nokuqina [38]. Le nkinga ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-blockchain trilemma", igama elithi V. Buterin [38]. Ngokwesiko, izixazululo ze-blockchain eziyisisekelo ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Layer-1 (L1) njenge-Bitcoin ne-Ethereum zibeke phambili ukuhlukaniswa nokuphepha ngezindleko zokwehla. Ukuze kubhekwane nale nselele, izixazululo ze-Layer-2 (L2), ezakhiwe phezu kwe-L1, zihlongoziwe. Izixazululo ze-L2 zihlose ukuthuthukisa ukulinganisa nokusebenza kahle ngenkathi zisebenzisa i-L1 blockchain ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvumelana. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwavela amaketanga ahambisanayo e-Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), egxile ekulinganiseni ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukuhlukaniswa nokuphepha. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ngokwenza ukuthengiselana ngaphandle kweketango futhi kamuva kugcinwe imiphumela noma izinguquko zesimo ku-L1 blockchain (isb, i-Ethereum).

Kodwa-ke, eziningi zalezi zixazululo zokukala ze-L2 bezingakahlolisiswa ngokugcwele kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2023, lapho kwenzeka i-spike ekuthengiseni: iningi lamaketanga ahambisana ne-L2 EVM ahlangabezane nokuphakama kwawo wonke konyaka wamavolumu okuthenga ngoNovemba nangoDisemba 2023. Lokhu kuthengiselana okungazelelwe i-spike yabangelwa ukwanda kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi imibhalo [1]

Imibhalo ebhaliwe isuka embonweni omusha owangena ku-Bitcoin blockchain - ordinals [37]. I-Ordinals yethulwa okokuqala ngoMashi 2023 ngunjiniyela ongaziwa owaziwa ngeDomo [6]. Ngamafuphi, lolu hlelo olusha luvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi banikeze izihlonzi eziyingqayizivele kuma-satoshis ngamanye, iyunithi encane ye-Bitcoin, eyenza i-satoshi ngayinye ilandelelwe futhi idayiswe ngokuhlukana, ngokusekelwe kwinombolo yabo ye-ordinal. Lo mqondo wengeza isici esisha ekuthengiseni kwe-Bitcoin ngokwethula ikhono lokuphatha i-satoshi ngayinye njengethokheni elingakhungatheki (i-NFT), ivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ezifana nempahla eqoqwayo, ukushoda kwedijithali okuqinisekiswayo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile okuyinkimbinkimbi kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin.

Lokhu okusha kuholele ekwenyukeni okuphawulekayo kwenani lemisebenzi maphakathi no-2023 ngenxa yomphumela wokwesaba ukuphuthelwa (i-FOMO) , okwabe sekubangela ukwenyuka kwezindleko zomsebenzi zabo bonke abasebenzisi [36, 37].

Ngemuva kwalokho, umqondo we-ordinals wanwetshwa kwamanye ama-blockchains, afana ne-Ethereum, i-Arbitrum, i-Base, i-Optimism, ne-zkSync Era, ngaleyo ndlela kuholela entweni entsha yemibhalo eqoshiwe. Avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bashumeke idatha engafanele ngqo ku-Ethereum blockchain. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukunamathisela idatha, njengombhalo, izithombe, noma ikhodi, ekuthengiseni noma ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile, ngokuphumelelayo "ukubhala" lolu lwazi unomphela ngaphakathi kwe-blockchain. Abasebenzisi basheshe baqala ukusebenzisa imibhalo ukuze bahlanganise futhi bahwebe, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umsebenzi osuvele ukhona wenkontileka ehlakaniphile.

Ngokufanayo nalokho okwenzeka ngama-ordinals e-Bitcoin, okubhaliwe kubangele ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuthengiselana ngesekhondi ngalinye (TPS) kula maketango, kwafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokuthenga ngo-December 2023. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthengiselana okubhaliwe kwakumelela ngaphezu kuka-80% wakho konke ukuthengiselana kwenethiwekhi [1 ].

Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwabo okusobala, izimakethe ezahlukahlukene ezinikezelwe ekuhwebeni kwemibhalo kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe zaqala ukuvela [16, 44, 8]. Ngokuphawulekayo, ngisho ne-crypto-exchange ehamba phambili, i-Binance, isekela ama-ordinals nemibhalo eqoshiwe [9].

Ngesikhathi sokubhalwa kwe-boom ngesikhathi sekhefu lika-2023 nasekuqaleni kuka-2024, ama-rollups we-Zero Knowledge (KP) - uhlobo lwe-L2 blockchain - abone izindleko zegesi eziphansi ngokuqhathaniswa ne-Ethereum, ezikhulisa inzalo yabasebenzisi, njengezindleko zokubamba iqhaza ekubhalweni- I-boom ithengeke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-Bitcoin ne-Ethereum. Noma kunjalo, amanye ama-rollup ahlangabezane nesikhathi sokungasebenzi cishe imizuzu engama-78 [33, 15], okuholela ekukhathazekeni kwabasebenzisi mayelana nesiphetho sokuthenga kwabo.

NgoMashi 13, 2024, i-Ethereum yenza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Dencun [2], eyethula ama-blobs njengokugcinwa kwedatha yesikhashana. Ama-Blobs ehlise izindleko zegesi kuma-rollups e-Ethereum kodwa aphinde aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wobunikazi bamathokheni asekelwe emibhalweni njengoba bethembele kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphandle kwe-blockchain ngakho-ke okucatshangwayo kuthatha ukutholakala kwedatha [25]. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esiyizinsuku eziyi-18, ama-blobs ayanyamalala ku-Ethereum blockchain, njengoba eklanyelwe ukusekela ukuqinisekiswa kombuso kwama-rollups. Ngenxa yalokho, idatha ehlobene nombhalo ingase itholakale kuphela ngaphandle kochungechunge kunkomba yomdali wabo wenkundla uma i-rollup ikhetha ukungagcini yonke idatha yabo yokwenziwe.