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I-Cypherpunks Bhala Ikhodi: Suelette Dreyfus & Free Speech

nge Obyte6m2025/02/12

Kude kakhulu; Uzofunda

USuelette Dreyfus ungumcwaningi wase-Australia-American, umbhali, kanye nezemfundo. Ungumbhali ohlangene wencwadi ethi ‘Underground: Tales of Hacking’, incwadi edabukisayo ekhuluma nge-subculture yama-hacker ebhalwe noJulian Assange. Uphinde wabhala enye into no-Assange: incwadi ethi Rubberwork.

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Ama-Cypherpunk ayizishoshovu zobumfihlo ezilwela inkululeko yokukhuluma futhi asebenzise amathuluzi e-cryptographic ukuze avikele idatha yethu noma izimali - esimweni salabo abasebenza ngezimali ze-crypto kanye nemizamo ehlobene. Isibonelo, uSatoshi Nakamoto, vele, uyi-cypherpunk, futhi ungumsunguli we-WikiLeaks, uJulian Assange. Eduze kokugcina, siphinde sibe no-Suelette Dreyfus, ongabizwa ngokuthi i-cypherpunk ngokwakhe.

Umcwaningi wase-Australia-waseMelika, umbhali, kanye nezemfundo, u-Dreyfus une-BA evela e-Barnard College e-Columbia University kanye ne-Ph.D. kusuka eMonash University. Ukhona njengamanje umfundisi omkhulu eNyuvesi yaseMelbourne eMnyangweni weComputing and Information Systems, lapho umsebenzi wakhe uhlola ukuhlangana kobuchwepheshe nomphakathi . Imikhakha yakhe eyahlukene yocwaningo ihlanganisa i-cybersecurity, ubumfihlo bedijithali, izinhlelo zokuvikela ama-whistleblower, i-e-education, kanye nempilo.

Uphinde abe nesizinda sobuntatheli futhi ungumbhali-ndawonye we-'Underground: Tales of Hacking', incwadi eyisiqalo nge-subculture yama-hacker ebhalwe noJulian Assange.

Ngaphansi: Izinganekwane Zokugebenga

Ikhishwe ngo-1997, i-Underground ifaka abafundi emhlabeni onesiphithiphithi, ojabulisayo wokugebenga ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, igxile eqenjini labaduni abavela e-Australia, e-US, nase-UK abanye.

Laba baduni abazange bamane bacwilise; bangene kumanethiwekhi amakhulu njenge-US Defence Data Network (DDN) kanye ne-Nortel (inkampani yezingcingo yaseCanada), baze bashiya uphawu lwabo ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke. Isahluko sokuqala silandisa ngokuhlaselwa kwezikelemu ze-WANK ezinhlelweni ze-DEC VMS (kuhlanganise ne-NASA), isenzo sobuhlakani sokuvukela kwedijithali esabeka ithoni yezinganekwane zokuthatheka nobuhlakani obulandelayo.

Ukudalwa kwe-Underground kwakuyisenzo sakhona. USuelette Dreyfus noJulian Assange juba lijule emakhasini angaphezu kuka-40,000 emiqulu, okuhlanganisa nokubambezeleka kanye namarekhodi asenkantolo, eqhuba izingxoxo ezingaphezu kwekhulu nabagebengu bangempela, abameli, kanye nabezomthetho. Umphumela uwukulandisa okunemininingwane eminingi futhi kucace kuzwakala njengenganekwane, nakuba wonke umcimbi uqinisekiswa ngokucophelela. Kusukela ekubalekeleni okudabukisayo kuka-Par Isevisi Yemfihlo kuya ekuxhumaneni komhlaba wonke okwenziwe ngamasistimu ebhodi lezaziso angaphansi komhlaba, izindaba zenziwa ziphile ngokushuba cishe kwecinematic.

Ukuthandwa kwale ncwadi kwafakazela ukuzwakala kwayo. Ngemva kokuyenza itholakale ngokukhululekile ku-inthanethi ngo-2001, isidingo sasiphezulu kangangokuthi amaseva ayibamba aphahlazeka. Eminyakeni emibili nje , ilandwe izikhathi ezingaba ngu-400,000. Idokhumentari yango-2002, ethi, “In the Realm of the Hackers”, yagqamisa imisebenzi ye-Phoenix ne-Electron, yaphinde yaqinisa i-Underground njengetshe legumbi emfundisweni ye-cyberculture. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphrintiwe, idijithali, noma isesikrinini, ithonya lencwadi lifinyelele izethameli emhlabeni wonke.

I-Rubberhose (Ukubethela Okuphikwayo)

Ngaphandle kwencwadi, uDreyfus uphinde wabhala ngokuhlanganyela enye into no-Assange: uhlelo lokubethela oluphikwayo i-Rubberhose (noma i-Marutukku). Ukuze siqale, kufanele sazi ukuthi ukubethela okuphikwayo kuwumqondo we-cryptographic ovumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafihle ubukhona bedatha ebethelwe. Yethulwa ngo-1996 ngabadwebi be-cryptographer u-Ran Canetti, u-Cynthia Dwork, uMoni Naor, no-Rafail Ostrovsky, yenzelwe ukuvikela ubumfihlo ngisho nangaphansi kokuphoqwa.

Esebenzisa le ndlela, umsebenzisi angaphika ngokusobala ukuba khona kolwazi olubucayi endaweni yokulondoloza. Isibonelo, uma othile efuna ukufinyelela kumafayela abethelwe, umsebenzisi anganikeza ukhiye "we-decoy" oveza idatha engenabungozi ngenkathi efihla ubukhona bamanye amafayela afihliwe. Lolu hlelo luqinisekise ukuthi izitha azikwazanga ukufakazela ubukhona noma ubuningi bolwazi olubethelwe ngaphandle kokubambisana okugcwele okuvela kumsebenzisi.

I-Rubberhose yakhululwa nguJulian Assange, u-Suelette Dreyfus, kanye no-Ralf Weinmann ngo-1997 ukuze kuvikelwe imininingwane ebucayi yezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu. Uhlelo lubethela amathuluzi okugcina futhi lufiphaze ubukhona bedatha ngokusakaza izingcezwana ezibethelwe kudiski yonke eduze kwedatha "yamakhoba" engahleliwe. Igama liyireferensi "ye-cryptanalysis ye-rubber-hose," ngokuhlekisayo ibhekisela ekukhipheni okhiye bokubethela ngokusebenzisa amandla (njengalapho ushaya othile ngepayipi lerabha). Umqondo wayo oyinhloko uwukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bagcine amasethi edatha amaningi, ngalinye lifinyeleleka ngokhiye oyingqayizivele, kuyilapho izitha zihlala zingazi ukuthi idatha ingakanani. Isibonelo, izishoshovu zingagcina amafayela enkohliso njengamaresiphi kuyilapho zifihla ubufakazi obubucayi bokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu.

Lokhu kushiwo, ngenkathi iqala ukwakhiwa, i-Rubberhose isiphelelwe yisikhathi kakhulu namuhla ngenxa yentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokubethela, amandla akhulayo ekhompuyutha, kanye namasu okuphikisana nawo athuthuke kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, lolu hlelo lubhekwa njengengqophamlando ebalulekile ekubhalweni kwemfihlo.

I-Blueprint Yenkulumo Yamahhala

U-Dreyfus wayeyilungu lebhodi labaluleki be-WikiLeaks, kodwa imizamo yakhe yokukhuthaza inkulumo ekhululekile ayizange iphelele lapho. Uphinde abe ngumsunguli kanye nomqondisi omkhulu we I-Blueprint Yenkulumo Yamahhala , i-NGO yamazwe ngamazwe ezinikele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma yawo wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi labo ababikayo.

Umceli ngumuntu odalula izenzo ezingalungile, inkohlakalo, noma izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ngaphakathi kwenhlangano, ngokuvamile ukuze avikele izithakazelo zomphakathi noma asekele inkulumo ekhululekile. Noma ubani okwaziyo ukufinyelela olwazini lwangaphakathi—njengabasebenzi, osonkontileka, noma ababambiqhaza—angaba umxoxi. Bavame ukushushiswa futhi besatshiswa ngakho, nokho. Isibonelo esihle salokhu kwakuyindaba ka-Edward Snowden. I-Blueprint, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, inikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho kanye nemiklomelo yaminyaka yonke kubaphihli emhlabeni wonke.

Ngokuhlinzeka ngomtapo wezincwadi wezinsiza zomthetho kanye nokuphoqelela izinguquko zomthetho, lokhu okungenzi nzuzo kuqinisa inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi futhi kunikeza abantu amandla okulwa nenkohlakalo nokungabi nabulungisa. Inhlangano igcizelela ukubaluleka kobumfihlo kuyilapho isekela ukubeka obala ukuziphendulela kwesikhungo.

Ukuze kuvikelwe labo abasengozini, i-Blueprint iphinde ithuthukise isofthiwe evikelekile efana ne-Ricochet Refresh ne-Gosling, evumela ukuxhumana okungaziwa kwabakhulumayo nezishoshovu. Iphinde inikeze izeluleko ezihambisanayo nokuqeqeshwa mayelana nokuphepha kwedijithali, ukusiza abantu ngabanye ukuthi bavikele amalungelo abo futhi bakhulume ngokuphepha. Ngale mizamo, i-Blueprint iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlala ivikelekile.

Asenze Inkinga Encane

UDreyfus ungomunye walabo bantu abazama ukulwela ubumfihlo kodwa futhi noshintsho. Usebenzise amathuluzi esoftware atholakalayo noma waze wakha amasha ukuze athuthukise impucuko kancane. Ukumcaphuna :

“Impucuko ithuthuka kancane, futhi ngokwesiko ngabakhankasi bamalungelo abantu, izifundiswa ezicabanga ngokukhululeka kanye nezishoshovu zomphakathi eziyiqhubekisela phambili. Umphakathi uvamise ukumelana nalawa ma-prod afakwe kahle, futhi izigebengu ezigxilile zijezisa labo abalokotha baphazamise isimo esikhona. Babiza izishoshovu njengabaphehli bezinkinga noma abahlebi ukuze bathethelele ukuzisebenzisa kabi. Lapho kunokungabi nabulungisa, sithanda ukucasula isimo esikhona nathi, futhi sisekele abanye abafuna ukwenza okufanayo. Isiqubulo sethu sithi 'masenze inkathazo encane' (...) Zizwe ukhululekile ukwenza inkathazo encane ngokwakho.”

Ezweni lapho ukulwa nokungabi nabulungisa kungase kujeziswe, I-Obyte inikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokwenza ushintsho. Imvelo yayo yokwahlukaniswa ngokuphelele isusa abaphakathi nezikhungo ezinkulu zamandla, inikeze abantu ukuzimela kweqiniso. Njengoba nje izishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi kanye nabenzi bokubi bebhekana nokungalungi, i-Obyte inika noma ubani amandla okuphazamisa izinhlelo ezimisiwe, ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa noma ukuphazamiseka.

Ngokunikela, phakathi kwezinye izici, i-cryptocurrency enwetshiwe, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile , imiyalezo efihliwe, ngisho nemali eyimfihlo ( Amabhayithi amnyama ), i-Obyte inika amandla ukuxhumana okuphephile, okungaziwa kanye nokuthengiselana, okuphelele kulabo abafisa ukubekela inselele izakhiwo ezicindezelayo noma bamane bavikele ilungelo labo lobumfihlo nenkululeko ye-inthanethi.

Ukungabikho kwenethiwekhi yokulawula okumaphakathi kuyenza ibe inkundla ekahle yezishoshovu, ongqondongqondo abakhululekile, nabasebenzisi abamaphakathi ukuze basebenzisane, bashintshisane ngemibono, futhi baqhubekisele phambili inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. Masenze inkathazo encane!

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