comma

Authors:
(1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu);
(2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 4 Discussion 5. Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References A Appendix A.1 Implementation Details A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market We conduct similar analysis for gender and race bias across the NFT market. We found 44 collections with gender labels but only 3 with race labels. 3.2.1 Gender For the 44 NFT collections chosen as detailed in Section 2.2, we calculate p-values to determine whether male NFT prices are greater than female NFT prices. P-values are calculated from a paired log t-test marked to weekly mean with a outlier trim percentile of 2.5%. To satisfy preconditions of a t-test, we apply a log transformation to make prices follow a more normal distribution and remove outliers. We mark to weekly mean price, which is common for low transaction volume markets such as NFT markets [7]. From the analysis, we find no clear relationship between market cap and gender bias. However, we do demonstrate that male prices are not statistically significantly higher than female prices for the broader NFT market. Figure 5 displays collections with male price statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher than female price (right red dots), female price statistically significantly higher than male price (left red dots), and no statistically significant difference (black dots). There is no clear relationship between market cap and mean price difference across gender, but the figure does answer whether male NFTs are priced higher than female NFTs across the aggregate market. First, the mean across all collections of the price difference of male and female NFTs is only 0.63%. Furthermore, at a significance level of α = 0.05, only 11 out of 44 collections have male NFTs valued more than female NFTs, whereas 7 collections have female NFTs valued more than male NFTs. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude there is a statistically significant difference between male and female prices for the broader NFT market. 3.2.2 Race In addition to CryptoPunks, we obtained race labels for the Avastar and Dynamic Duelers collections. From mean and median statistics in Table 4, we find that light-skinned NFTs on average tend to be sold for higher prices that darker-skinned counterpart. The result is less significant for Dynamic Duelers. For statistics in Table 4 and 5, we use outlier trim level of 2.5%. We also conduct hypothesis tests in Table 5 to determine the statistical significance of whether lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs. With a majority of the p-values less than 0.2 and our conclusion from CryptoPunks, the results suggest lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs, though not necessarily at a statistically significant level. Because this analysis is on a small subset of the entire NFT market, more data is required to generalize our conclusion to the entire NFT market. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu); (2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu); (2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 4 Discussion 4 Discussion 5. Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References A Appendix A Appendix A.1 Implementation Details A.1 Implementation Details A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market We conduct similar analysis for gender and race bias across the NFT market. We found 44 collections with gender labels but only 3 with race labels. 3.2.1 Gender 3.2.1 Gender For the 44 NFT collections chosen as detailed in Section 2.2, we calculate p-values to determine whether male NFT prices are greater than female NFT prices. P-values are calculated from a paired log t-test marked to weekly mean with a outlier trim percentile of 2.5%. To satisfy preconditions of a t-test, we apply a log transformation to make prices follow a more normal distribution and remove outliers. We mark to weekly mean price, which is common for low transaction volume markets such as NFT markets [7]. From the analysis, we find no clear relationship between market cap and gender bias. However, we do demonstrate that male prices are not statistically significantly higher than female prices for the broader NFT market. Figure 5 displays collections with male price statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher than female price (right red dots), female price statistically significantly higher than male price (left red dots), and no statistically significant difference (black dots). There is no clear relationship between market cap and mean price difference across gender, but the figure does answer whether male NFTs are priced higher than female NFTs across the aggregate market. First, the mean across all collections of the price difference of male and female NFTs is only 0.63%. Furthermore, at a significance level of α = 0.05, only 11 out of 44 collections have male NFTs valued more than female NFTs, whereas 7 collections have female NFTs valued more than male NFTs. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude there is a statistically significant difference between male and female prices for the broader NFT market. 3.2.2 Race 3.2.2 Race In addition to CryptoPunks, we obtained race labels for the Avastar and Dynamic Duelers collections. From mean and median statistics in Table 4, we find that light-skinned NFTs on average tend to be sold for higher prices that darker-skinned counterpart. The result is less significant for Dynamic Duelers. For statistics in Table 4 and 5, we use outlier trim level of 2.5%. We also conduct hypothesis tests in Table 5 to determine the statistical significance of whether lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs. With a majority of the p-values less than 0.2 and our conclusion from CryptoPunks, the results suggest lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs, though not necessarily at a statistically significant level. Because this analysis is on a small subset of the entire NFT market, more data is required to generalize our conclusion to the entire NFT market. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Lighter-Skinned NFTs Command Higher Prices in the Broader Market

Introduction SQL is not just about querying data—it also includes powerful commands to modify data within tables. These Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enable you to add, modify, or remove rows in a database. In this article, we’ll explore these commands with practical examples. Sample Table: Employees Let’s start with a sample Employees table to demonstrate the examples: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT 1. INSERT: Adding Rows to a Table The INSERT command is used to add new rows to a table. Task: Add a new employee, Frank, who is a Tester in the QA department with a salary of $60,000. INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); Result: The table now includes the new employee: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA 2. UPDATE: Modifying Existing Rows The UPDATE command allows you to modify data in existing rows based on specific conditions. Task: Give all Developers in the IT department a 10% salary increase. UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; Result: The salary for Alice, Charlie, and Eve has been updated: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA 3. DELETE: Removing Rows From a Table The DELETE command removes rows from a table based on a condition. Task: Remove all employees in the QA department. DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; Result: Frank has been removed from the table: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT 4. MERGE (UPSERT): Combining Insert and Update The MERGE statement is used to insert new rows or update existing rows based on a match condition. This is also known as “upsert.” Task: If an employee with EmployeeID = 5 exists, update their position to “Lead Developer”. Otherwise, insert a new employee. MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); Result: Eve’s position has been updated to “Lead Developer”: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT 5. TRUNCATE: Quickly Clearing All Rows The TRUNCATE command removes all rows from a table, but unlike DELETE, it does not log individual row deletions, making it faster. Task: Clear all rows from the Employees table. TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; Result: The table is now empty, but the structure remains intact. 6. DROP: Removing the Entire Table The DROP command deletes a table and its data permanently. Task: Remove the Employees table from the database. DROP TABLE Employees; Result: The Employees table no longer exists. Summary SQL provides a wide range of commands to modify data and table structures. Here’s a quick recap: Command Use Case INSERT Add new rows to a table.
UPDATE Modify data in existing rows.
DELETE Remove specific rows from a table.
MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert).
TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table.
DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. These commands allow you to keep your database up-to-date, clean, and well-organized. Practice these examples on your own database to gain confidence in modifying data with SQL! Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn. Happy exploring!👋 Introduction SQL is not just about querying data—it also includes powerful commands to modify data within tables. These Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enable you to add, modify, or remove rows in a database. In this article, we’ll explore these commands with practical examples. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Sample Table: Employees Let’s start with a sample Employees table to demonstrate the examples: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 70000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 72000 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 72000 72000 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 70000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 1. INSERT: Adding Rows to a Table The INSERT command is used to add new rows to a table. Task : Add a new employee, Frank, who is a Tester in the QA department with a salary of $60,000. Task INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); Result : The table now includes the new employee: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT 6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 70000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 72000 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 72000 72000 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 70000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 6 Frank Tester 60000 QA 6 6 Frank Frank Tester Tester 60000 60000 QA QA 2. UPDATE: Modifying Existing Rows The UPDATE command allows you to modify data in existing rows based on specific conditions. Task : Give all Developers in the IT department a 10% salary increase. Task UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; Result : The salary for Alice, Charlie, and Eve has been updated: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT 6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 77000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 6 Frank Tester 60000 QA 6 6 Frank Frank Tester Tester 60000 60000 QA QA 3. DELETE: Removing Rows From a Table The DELETE command removes rows from a table based on a condition. Task : Remove all employees in the QA department. Task DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; Result : Frank has been removed from the table: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 77000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 4. MERGE (UPSERT): Combining Insert and Update The MERGE statement is used to insert new rows or update existing rows based on a match condition. This is also known as “upsert.” Task : If an employee with EmployeeID = 5 exists, update their position to “Lead Developer”. Otherwise, insert a new employee. Task MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); Result : Eve’s position has been updated to “Lead Developer”: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Lead Developer 80000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Lead Developer Lead Developer 80000 80000 IT IT 5. TRUNCATE: Quickly Clearing All Rows The TRUNCATE command removes all rows from a table, but unlike DELETE, it does not log individual row deletions, making it faster. Task : Clear all rows from the Employees table. Task TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; Result : The table is now empty, but the structure remains intact. Result 6. DROP: Removing the Entire Table The DROP command deletes a table and its data permanently. Task : Remove the Employees table from the database. Task DROP TABLE Employees; DROP TABLE Employees; Result : The Employees table no longer exists. Result Summary SQL provides a wide range of commands to modify data and table structures. Here’s a quick recap: Command Use Case Command Use Case INSERT Add new rows to a table. UPDATE Modify data in existing rows. DELETE Remove specific rows from a table. MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert). TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table. DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. INSERT Add new rows to a table. UPDATE Modify data in existing rows. DELETE Remove specific rows from a table. MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert). TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table. DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. These commands allow you to keep your database up-to-date, clean, and well-organized. Practice these examples on your own database to gain confidence in modifying data with SQL! Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn . Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn

SQL Data Modification Commands With Examples: A Quick and Simple Guide

Command Query Responsibility Segregation Separates Reading From Writing... but How?

Stop letting randomness dictate when you create. Many people say, “I’ll do it when I feel like it, when I have inspiration.” But professionals approach creativity differently. They don’t wait for inspiration to strike—they schedule it. As the saying goes, “I only write when I get inspiration. But inspiration comes every morning at 4 AM.” Here are five actionable steps to help you take control of inspiration: Set a Schedule:
Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency.
When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Use Progress Bars:
Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals.
Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome.Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on.
For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from.Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now.Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink.
Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits.What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions.
Use this principle to your advantage:Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination.Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature.Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order.By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Liked this post? Share it to help others escape the entropy trap. Enjoy the rest of your day. Stop letting randomness dictate when you create. Many people say, “I’ll do it when I feel like it, when I have inspiration.” But professionals approach creativity differently. They don’t wait for inspiration to strike—they schedule it. As the saying goes, “I only write when I get inspiration. But inspiration comes every morning at 4 AM.” Here are five actionable steps to help you take control of inspiration: Set a Schedule:
Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency.
When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Set a Schedule: Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency. When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Set a Schedule: Set a Schedule: Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency. When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Use Progress Bars:
Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals.
Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome.Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Use Progress Bars: Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals. Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome. Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Use Progress Bars: Use Progress Bars: Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals. Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome. Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on.
For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from.Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now.Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on. For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from. Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now. Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on. Become an Idea Sponge: For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from. Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now. Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink.
Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits.What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink. Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits. What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink. Adjust Your Environment: Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits. What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions.
Use this principle to your advantage:Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination.Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature.Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order.By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions. Use this principle to your advantage: Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination. Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature. Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order. By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Use this principle to your advantage: Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination. Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature. Bonus: Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order. By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Liked this post? Share it to help others escape the entropy trap. Enjoy the rest of your day.

Inspiration On Command: 5 Easy Steps to Never Wait for Creativity Again

The TechBeat: Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control (11/18/2024)

The TechBeat: Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control (11/16/2024)

As you may know, Redis is basically a data-structure store that uses key-value pairs to store the data and supports strings, integers, sets, lists, hashes, and so on. To access the data faster, we can implement Redis. Once you are connected to the command-line (CLI) of the Redis, you are able to use some commands to work with the keys. In this article, I want to share these commands with a brief explanation for you. select {database_number} This command will connect you to the database of {database_number} in Redis. keys * This command shows all available keys in Redis (note that: when the TTL of a key finishes, the key is automatically destroyed). type {key_name} Use this command with the key's name. It shows the type of the key. For example, if the type of the key is hash, the command returns a hash. lindex {key_name} {index} If the key is a list of values, you can use this command to get the value of each index. You may know that in lists, the index starts from "0" to "length of the list-1". For example, lindex {key_name} 1, will return the value of index 1 in list {key_name}. del {key_name1} {key_name2} … This command deletes the given keys with {key_name1} {key_name2} and so on. hgetall {key_name} If the key is hash and you want to get all fields and the related values in the key, you can use this command. For example, if a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b" with values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively; if you use this command, you will get "a", x, "b", and y in response. hget {key_name} {field} If the type of the key is hash and you want to get the value of a specific field in the key, you can use this command. For example, imagine a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b". The value of field “a” is ‘x’. To get x, you can use: hget {key_name} a get {key_name} This command returns the value that the key holds. It works when the type of the key is not hash or list. flushdb This command deletes all keys in Redis. ttl {key_name} This command returns the TTL of the key in seconds. set {key_name} {value} This command creates a key named {key_name} with a value in Redis. This command works when you want to create a key that is not a list or hash. As you may know, Redis is basically a data-structure store that uses key-value pairs to store the data and supports strings, integers, sets, lists, hashes, and so on. To access the data faster, we can implement Redis. Once you are connected to the command-line (CLI) of the Redis, you are able to use some commands to work with the keys. In this article, I want to share these commands with a brief explanation for you. select {database_number} select {database_number} This command will connect you to the database of {database_number} in Redis. keys * This command shows all available keys in Redis (note that: when the TTL of a key finishes, the key is automatically destroyed). type {key_name} Use this command with the key's name. It shows the type of the key. For example, if the type of the key is hash, the command returns a hash. lindex {key_name} {index} If the key is a list of values, you can use this command to get the value of each index. You may know that in lists, the index starts from "0" to "length of the list-1". For example, lindex {key_name} 1, will return the value of index 1 in list {key_name}. del {key_name1} {key_name2} … This command deletes the given keys with {key_name1} {key_name2} and so on. hgetall {key_name} If the key is hash and you want to get all fields and the related values in the key, you can use this command. For example, if a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b" with values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively; if you use this command, you will get "a", x, "b", and y in response. hget {key_name} {field} If the type of the key is hash and you want to get the value of a specific field in the key, you can use this command. For example, imagine a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b". The value of field “a” is ‘x’. To get x, you can use: hget {key_name} a get {key_name} This command returns the value that the key holds. It works when the type of the key is not hash or list. flushdb This command deletes all keys in Redis. ttl {key_name} This command returns the TTL of the key in seconds. set {key_name} {value} This command creates a key named {key_name} with a value in Redis. This command works when you want to create a key that is not a list or hash.

Useful Redis Commands You Should Know

Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control

Why should your users have to type long messages all the time when they can use shortcut buttons or Telegram commands to get responses from your chatbot? Implementing this feature makes the user experience (UX) easier. In this article, you will learn how to use Coze shortcuts to create these shortcuts and commands. What is a Shortcut? A Coze shortcut is a feature that improves user efficiency by allowing quick and precise question input. They also serve as a navigation tool, guiding users on how to effectively interact with the agent. Learn more on shortcuts here. Setting Shortcut button Go to your chatbot develop workspace


Click on Shortcut



Enter your Button details
      
Button Name: The name of the button
Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command.
Description: Short description of the command.
Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs.
Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button.


Click on Confirm

You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process



Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Setting Up the Telegram Commands Go to Bot father


Input /setcommands


Select the bot you want to add the commands to



Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created)

In this format

security_news - Get the latest security news



Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot.
To check, Click on Menu Check out the live demo below 👇 https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true Bonus You can also use this shortcut for users to make choices e.g. You want users to get regular news feeds in specific language and specific language. Follow the same process and add the components option Enter the component name


Enter the component description


Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options)
In the case of Selector, enter various options like this:

For upload, select supported file formats Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Learn More on Coze and other Chatbots built on Coze Why should your users have to type long messages all the time when they can use shortcut buttons or Telegram commands to get responses from your chatbot? Implementing this feature makes the user experience (UX) easier. In this article, you will learn how to use Coze shortcuts to create these shortcuts and commands. What is a Shortcut? A Coze shortcut is a feature that improves user efficiency by allowing quick and precise question input. They also serve as a navigation tool, guiding users on how to effectively interact with the agent. Learn more on shortcuts here. Learn more on shortcuts here. Setting Shortcut button Go to your chatbot develop workspace Click on Shortcut Enter your Button details
      
Button Name: The name of the button
Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command.
Description: Short description of the command.
Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs.
Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Click on Confirm

You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Go to your chatbot develop workspace Go to your chatbot develop workspace Click on Shortcut Click on Shortcut Shortcut Enter your Button details Button Name: The name of the button Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command. Description: Short description of the command. Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs. Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Enter your Button details Button Name: The name of the button Button Name: Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command. Shortcut name: Description: Short description of the command. Description: Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs. Component: Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Query content: Click on Confirm You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Confirm Confirm You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Publish Setting Up the Telegram Commands Go to Bot father Input /setcommands Select the bot you want to add the commands to Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created)

In this format

security_news - Get the latest security news Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot.
To check, Click on Menu Go to Bot father Go to Bot father Bot father Input /setcommands Input /setcommands /setcommands Select the bot you want to add the commands to Select the bot you want to add the commands to Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created) In this format security_news - Get the latest security news Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created) In this format security_news - Get the latest security news security_news - Get the latest security news Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot. To check, Click on Menu Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot. To check, Click on Menu Menu Check out the live demo below 👇 live demo https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true Bonus You can also use this shortcut for users to make choices e.g. You want users to get regular news feeds in specific language and specific language. Follow the same process and add the components option components Enter the component name Enter the component description Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options)
In the case of Selector, enter various options like this:

For upload, select supported file formats Enter the component name Enter the component name component name Enter the component description Enter the component description component description Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options) In the case of Selector, enter various options like this: For upload, select supported file formats Enter Component types such as Text , Upload (for media), and Selector (to choose options) Component types Text Upload Selector In the case of Selector , enter various options like this: Selector For upload , select supported file formats upload Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Learn More on Coze and other Chatbots built on Coze Learn More on Coze other Chatbots

How to Use Coze Shortcuts for Creating Buttons and Telegram Commands

File and Directory Operations ls – Lists the contents of a directory.
ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones



cd – Changes the current directory.
cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory mkdir – Creates a new directory.
mkdir new_directory



rmdir – Removes an empty directory.
rmdir directory_name



cp – Copies files or directories.
cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mv – Moves or renames files and directories.
mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/



rm – Removes files or directories.
rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively



touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
touch file_name File Viewing & Manipulation cat – Displays the contents of a file.
cat file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page.
less file_name



head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default).
head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines



tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default).
tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines



grep – Searches for patterns within files.
grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories Permissions & Ownership chmod – Changes file permissions.
chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable



chown – Changes the file owner and group.
chown user:group file_name



umask – Sets default file creation permissions.
umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files Process Management ps – Displays the currently running processes.
ps
ps aux      # Show all processes



top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
top



kill – Terminates a process by its PID.
kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process



htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation).
htop System Information df – Shows disk space usage.
df -h      # Human-readable format



du – Shows disk usage for files and directories.
du -h /path/to/directory



free – Displays memory usage.
free -h    # Human-readable format



uname – Shows system information.
uname -a   # Display all system info



uptime – Shows how long the system has been running.
uptime



whoami – Displays the current logged-in user.
whoami



hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname.
hostname



lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information.
lscpu Network Commands ping – Tests connectivity to a host.
ping google.com



ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems).
ifconfig



ip – Configures network interfaces and routing.
ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table



curl – Fetches data from a URL.
curl https://example.com



wget – Downloads files from the web.
wget https://example.com/file.zip Package Management apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package



yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package File Compression tar – Archives or extracts files.
tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive



zip – Compresses files into a zip archive.
zip archive_name.zip file1 file2



unzip – Extracts a zip archive.
unzip archive_name.zip Miscellaneous echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal.
echo "Hello, World!"



date – Displays or sets the system date and time.
date



alias – Creates an alias for a command.
alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la'



history – Shows the command history.
history



clear – Clears the terminal screen.
clear These are just a few of the many powerful commands in Linux, but they cover most of the common operations you'll perform daily. File and Directory Operations ls – Lists the contents of a directory.
ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones cd – Changes the current directory.
cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory ls – Lists the contents of a directory. ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones ls – Lists the contents of a directory. ls ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones cd – Changes the current directory. cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory cd – Changes the current directory. cd cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory mkdir – Creates a new directory.
mkdir new_directory rmdir – Removes an empty directory.
rmdir directory_name cp – Copies files or directories.
cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mkdir – Creates a new directory. mkdir new_directory mkdir – Creates a new directory. mkdir mkdir new_directory mkdir new_directory rmdir – Removes an empty directory. rmdir directory_name rmdir – Removes an empty directory. rmdir rmdir directory_name rmdir directory_name cp – Copies files or directories. cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively cp – Copies files or directories. cp cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mv – Moves or renames files and directories.
mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ rm – Removes files or directories.
rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
touch file_name mv – Moves or renames files and directories. mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ mv – Moves or renames files and directories. mv mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ rm – Removes files or directories. rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively rm – Removes files or directories. rm rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file. touch file_name touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file. touch touch file_name touch file_name File Viewing & Manipulation cat – Displays the contents of a file.
cat file_name cat – Displays the contents of a file. cat file_name cat – Displays the contents of a file. cat cat file_name cat file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page.
less file_name head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default).
head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default).
tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines grep – Searches for patterns within files.
grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories less – Allows you to view file contents page by page. less file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page. less less file_name less file_name head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default). head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default). head head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default). tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default). tail tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines grep – Searches for patterns within files. grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories grep – Searches for patterns within files. grep grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories Permissions & Ownership chmod – Changes file permissions.
chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chown – Changes the file owner and group.
chown user:group file_name umask – Sets default file creation permissions.
umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files chmod – Changes file permissions. chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chmod – Changes file permissions. chmod chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chown – Changes the file owner and group. chown user:group file_name chown – Changes the file owner and group. chown chown user:group file_name chown user:group file_name umask – Sets default file creation permissions. umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files umask – Sets default file creation permissions. umask umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files Process Management ps – Displays the currently running processes.
ps
ps aux      # Show all processes top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
top kill – Terminates a process by its PID.
kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation).
htop ps – Displays the currently running processes. ps
ps aux      # Show all processes ps – Displays the currently running processes. ps ps
ps aux      # Show all processes ps
ps aux      # Show all processes top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage. top top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage. top top top kill – Terminates a process by its PID. kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process kill – Terminates a process by its PID. kill kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation). htop htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation). htop htop htop System Information df – Shows disk space usage.
df -h      # Human-readable format du – Shows disk usage for files and directories.
du -h /path/to/directory free – Displays memory usage.
free -h    # Human-readable format uname – Shows system information.
uname -a   # Display all system info uptime – Shows how long the system has been running.
uptime whoami – Displays the current logged-in user.
whoami hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname.
hostname lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information.
lscpu df – Shows disk space usage. df -h      # Human-readable format df – Shows disk space usage. df df -h      # Human-readable format df -h      # Human-readable format du – Shows disk usage for files and directories. du -h /path/to/directory du – Shows disk usage for files and directories. du du -h /path/to/directory du -h /path/to/directory free – Displays memory usage. free -h    # Human-readable format free – Displays memory usage. free free -h    # Human-readable format free -h    # Human-readable format uname – Shows system information. uname -a   # Display all system info uname – Shows system information. uname uname -a   # Display all system info uname -a   # Display all system info uptime – Shows how long the system has been running. uptime uptime – Shows how long the system has been running. uptime uptime uptime whoami – Displays the current logged-in user. whoami whoami – Displays the current logged-in user. whoami whoami whoami hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname. hostname hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname. hostname hostname hostname lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information. lscpu lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information. lscpu lscpu lscpu Network Commands ping – Tests connectivity to a host.
ping google.com ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems).
ifconfig ip – Configures network interfaces and routing.
ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table curl – Fetches data from a URL.
curl https://example.com wget – Downloads files from the web.
wget https://example.com/file.zip ping – Tests connectivity to a host. ping google.com ping – Tests connectivity to a host. ping ping google.com ping google.com ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems). ifconfig ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems). ifconfig ifconfig ifconfig ip – Configures network interfaces and routing. ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table ip – Configures network interfaces and routing. ip ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table curl – Fetches data from a URL. curl https://example.com curl – Fetches data from a URL. curl curl https://example.com curl https://example.com wget – Downloads files from the web. wget https://example.com/file.zip wget – Downloads files from the web. wget wget https://example.com/file.zip wget https://example.com/file.zip Package Management apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. apt-get sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. yum sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package File Compression tar – Archives or extracts files.
tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive zip – Compresses files into a zip archive.
zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 unzip – Extracts a zip archive.
unzip archive_name.zip tar – Archives or extracts files. tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive tar – Archives or extracts files. tar tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive zip – Compresses files into a zip archive. zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 zip – Compresses files into a zip archive. zip zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 unzip – Extracts a zip archive. unzip archive_name.zip unzip – Extracts a zip archive. unzip unzip archive_name.zip unzip archive_name.zip Miscellaneous echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal.
echo "Hello, World!" date – Displays or sets the system date and time.
date alias – Creates an alias for a command.
alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' history – Shows the command history.
history clear – Clears the terminal screen.
clear echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal. echo "Hello, World!" echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal. echo echo "Hello, World!" echo "Hello, World!" date – Displays or sets the system date and time. date date – Displays or sets the system date and time. date date date alias – Creates an alias for a command. alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' alias – Creates an alias for a command. alias alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' history – Shows the command history. history history – Shows the command history. history history history clear – Clears the terminal screen. clear clear – Clears the terminal screen. clear clear clear These are just a few of the many powerful commands in Linux, but they cover most of the common operations you'll perform daily.

Stories, News & Mentions about COMMA

Categories

Trending Topics

Stories, News & Mentions about COMMA

Comma’s Stories on HackerNoon

Categories

Trending Topics