paint-brush
Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks: Conclusions & Referencesby@netneutrality
210 reads

Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks: Conclusions & References

tldt arrow

Too Long; Didn't Read

Analyzing the impact of net neutrality repeal on ISP profit using techno-economic modeling and MILP optimization in video delivery networks.
featured image - Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks: Conclusions & References
Net Neutrality: Unbiased Internet Access for All!  HackerNoon profile picture

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.

Authors:

(1) Hatem A. Alharbi, CSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;

(2) Taisir E.H. Elgorashi, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;

(3) Jaafar M.H. Elmirghani, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.

Abstract & Introduction

Related Works

Repealing Net Neutrality

Profit-Driven Model Results

Conclusions & References

Biographies

V. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we developed a MILP model to optimize the pricing scheme used by ISPs to charge CPs for delivering their video content under the repeal of net neutrality where ISPs can treat data intensive traffic less favorably. A techno-economic Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed to maximize the ISP profit by optimizing the ISP pricing scheme to charge different classes of service differently subject to PED. We considered three classes of service that represent different data rate requirements of video content. The analysis addressed three CP delivery scenarios; cloud-based delivery, cloud-fog based delivery and fog-based delivery. The results show that the discriminatory pricing scheme can increase the ISPs profit by a factor of 8. The results also show that by influencing the way end-users consume data-intensive content, the core network traffic and consequently power consumption are reduced by up to 49% and 55%, respectively, compared to the net neutrality scenario.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), INTERNET (EP/H040536/1), STAR (EP/K016873/1) and TOWS (EP/S016570/1) projects. The first author would like to acknowledge the Government of Saudi Arabia and Taibah University for funding his PhD scholarship. All data are provided in full in the results section of this paper.

REFERENCES

  1. Cisco, “The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis,” 2017.


  2. Ycharts.com, “AT&T Profit Margin (Quarterly),” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ycharts.com/companies/T/profit_margin. [Accessed: 01-Aug-2018].


  3. Ycharts, “Netflix Profit Margin (Quarterly),” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ycharts.com/companies/NFLX/profit_margin. [Accessed: 01-Aug-2018].


  4. T. Garrett, L. E. Setenareski, L. M. Peres, L. C. E. Bona, E. P. D. Jr, and A. Mislove, “Monitoring Network Neutrality : A Survey on Traffic Differentiation Detection,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, no. c, pp. 1– 32, 2018.


  5. A. M. Kakhki, D. Choffnes, A. Mislove, and E. Katzbassett, “BingeOn Under the Microscope : Understanding T-Mobile ’ s Zero-Rating Implementation,” Proc. 2016 Work. QoE-based Anal. Manag. Data Commun. Networks (Internet-QoE ’16) ACM, pp. 43–48, 2016.


  6. J. S. Huang and B. Zhu, “Video Traffic Detection Method for Deep Packet Inspection,” Adv. CSIE, vol. 2, pp. 135– 140, 2012.


  7. Cisco Systems, “Traffic Profiling,” pp. 1–12.


  8. D. Tsilimantos, T. Karagkioules, A. Nogales-g, and S. Valentin, “Traffic profiling for mobile video streaming,” arXiv, pp. 1–7, 2017.


  9. W. Dai, J. W. Baek, and S. Jordan, “Neutrality between a vertically integrated cable provider and an over-the-top video provider,” J. Commun. Networks, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 962–974, 2016.


10. Amazon, “Netflix Case Study - Amazon Web Services (AWS),” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/netflix/. [Accessed: 15-Aug-2018].


11. AT&T, “AT&T Content Delivery Network (CDN) Services,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.business.att.com/solutions/Family/cloud/cont ent-delivery-network/. [Accessed: 15-Aug-2018].


12. [Comcast, “CDN - Comcast Technology Solutions,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.comcasttechnologysolutions.com/resources/c omcast-cdn-one-sheet. [Accessed: 15-Aug-2018].


13. “AT & T Switched Ethernet Classic ( ASE Classic ) and On-Demand ( ASEoD ).”


14. D. Grunwald, “The Internet Ecosystem : The Potential for Discrimination,” Fed. Commun. Law J., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 411–443, 2011.


15. A. Odlyzko, “Network Neutrality, Search Neutrality, and the Never-ending Conflict between Efficiency and Fairness in Markets,” Rev. Netw. Econ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 40–60, 2009.


16. P. Nooren, A. Leurdijk, and N. van Eijk, “Net neutrality and the value chain for video,” Info, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 45– 58, 2012.


17. R. T. B. Ma, J. Wang, and D. M. Chiu, “Paid prioritization and its impact on net neutrality,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 367–379, 2017.


18. H.M.M., Ali, A.Q. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Future Energy Efficient Data Centers With Disaggregated Servers,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 35, No. 24, pp. 5361 – 5380, 2017.


19. X. Dong, T. El-Gorashi, and J. Elmirghani, "Green IP Over WDM Networks With Data Centers," Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1861-1880, June 2011.


20. N. I. Osman, T. El-Gorashi, L. Krug, and J. M. H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Future High-Definition TV,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 32, no. 13, pp. 2364-2381, July 2014.


21. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “BitTorrent Content Distribution in Optical Networks,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 32, No. 21, pp. 3607 – 3623, 2014.


22. A.M. Al-Salim, A. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Big Data Networks: Impact of Volume and Variety,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 458 - 474, 2018.


23. A.M. Al-Salim, A. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Greening big data networks: velocity impact,” IET Optoelectronics, vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 126-135, 2018.


24. M.S. Hadi, A. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Patient-Centric Cellular Networks Optimization using Big Data Analytics,” IEEE Access, pp. 49279 - 49296, vol. 7, 2019.


25. M.S. Hadi, A. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Big Data Analytics for Wireless and Wired Network Design: A Survey, Elsevier Computer Networks, vol. 132, No. 2, pp. 180-199, 2018.


26. J. M. H. Elmirghani, T. Klein, K. Hinton, L. Nonde, A. Q. Lawey, T. E. H. El-Gorashi, M. O. I. Musa, and X. Dong, “GreenTouch GreenMeter core network energy-efficiency improvement measures and optimization,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. A250-A269, Feb 2018.


27. M. Musa, T.E.H. El-Gorashi and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Bounds on GreenTouch GreenMeter Network Energy Efficiency,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 36, No. 23, pp. 5395-5405, 2018.


28. X. Dong, T.E.H. El-Gorashi and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “On the Energy Efficiency of Physical Topology Design for IP over WDM Networks,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 30, pp.1931-1942, 2012.


29. B. Bathula, M. Alresheedi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy efficient architectures for optical networks,” Proc IEEE London Communications Symposium, London, Sept. 2009.


30. B. Bathula, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Optical Burst Switched (OBS) Networks,” IEEE GLOBECOM’09, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, November 30- December 04, 2009.


31. X. Dong, T.E.H. El-Gorashi and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Green optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing networks,” IET Optoelectronics, vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 137 – 148, 2014.


32. X. Dong, T. El-Gorashi, and J. Elmirghani, “IP Over WDM Networks Employing Renewable Energy Sources,” Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 3-14, Jan 2011.


33. X. Dong, A.Q. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Core Networks,” Proc 16th IEEE Conference on Optical Network Design and Modelling (ONDM’12), 17-20 April, 2012, UK.


34. P. Mailé, G. Simon, and B. Tuffin, “Toward a net neutrality debate that conforms to the 2010s,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 94–99, 2016.


35. M. Musa, T.E.H. El-Gorashi and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Bounds for Energy-Efficient Survivable IP Over WDM Networks with Network Coding,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 471-481, 2018.


36. M. Musa, T.E.H. El-Gorashi and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Survivable IP-Over-WDM Networks With Network Coding,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 207- 217, 2017.


37. L. Nonde, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Energy Efficient Virtual Network Embedding for Cloud Networks,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1828-1849, 2015.


38. A.N. Al-Quzweeni, A. Lawey, T.E.H. El-Gorashi, and J.M.H. Elmirghani, “Optimized Energy Aware 5G Network Function Virtualization,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 44939 - 44958, 2019.


39. Al-Azez, Z., Lawey, A., El-Gorashi, T.E.H., and Elmirghani, J.M.H., “Energy Efficient IoT Virtualization Framework with Peer to Peer Networking and Processing” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 50697 - 50709, 2019.


40. R. S. Pindyck and D. L. Rubinfeld, Microeconomics. 2005.


41. R. Cadman, C. Dineen, and R. Cadman, “Price and Income Elasticity of Demand for Broadband Subscriptions : A Cross-Sectional Model of OECD Countries,” SPC Network, 19, pp. 3–8, 2009.


42. H. Galperin and C. A. Ruzzier, “Price elasticity of demand for broadband : Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean,” Telecomm. Policy, vol. 37, pp. 429–438, 2013.


43. USAToday, “Interent bill too high,” 2018.


44. G. S. G. Shen and R. S. Tucker, “Energy-Minimized Design for IP Over WDM Networks,” IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 176–186, 2009.


45. Cisco, “United States - 2021 Forecast Highlights,” pp. 1– 6, 2016.


46. B. Insider, “Netflix subscribers over the years,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.businessinsider.com/netflix-subscriberschart-2017-1?r=US&IR=T. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2018].


47. J. Networks, “PTX1000, PTX10001, PTX10002, AND PTX10003 FIXEDCONFIGURATION PACKET TRANSPORT ROUTERS,” 2019.


48. Ycharts.com, “Comcast Corp Historical Profit Margin (Quarterly) Data,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ycharts.com/companies/CMCSA/profit_margin. [Accessed: 23-Aug-2018].


49. J. Baliga, K. Hinton, and R. S. Tucker, “Energy Consumption of the Internet,” in COIN-ACOFT 2007 - Joint International Conference on the Optical Internet and the 32nd Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, 2007, pp. 1–3.


50. AT&T, “AT&T’s 38 Global Internet Data Centers.” [Online]. Available: https://www.business.att.com/content/productbrochures/e b_idcmap.pdf. [Accessed: 15-Aug-2018].


51. Cisco System, “Cisco CRS-1 4-Slot Single-Shelf System,” 2014.


52. Cisco System, “Cisco ONS 15454 40 Gbps CP-DQPSK Full C-Band Tuneable Transponder Card.”


53. Oclaro, “OTS-4400 Regenerator,” 2014.


54. MRV, “EDFA Optical Amplifiers,” 2012.


55. “Intelligent Optical System 600,” Glimmerglass, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.glimmerglass.com/ products/intelligent-optical-systems/. [Accessed: 16-Mar2017].


56. “GreenTouch Green Meter Research Study : Reducing the Net Energy Consumption in Communications Networks by up to 90 % by 2020,” White Pap., pp. 1–25, 2015.


57. A. Q. Lawey, T. E. H. El-Gorashi, and J. M. H. Elmirghani, “Distributed energy efficient clouds over core networks,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1261–1281, 2014.