In the cutthroat arena of Formula One, Alpine&#x27;s 2023 season has unfolded as a tale of ambition colliding with harsh reality. The team&#x27;s disappointing start to the Bahrain Grand Prix, with Esteban Ocon and Pierre Gasly anchoring the back of the grid in Friday&#x27;s qualifying, underlined a profound ...

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Renault’s retro revolution will continue with a new version of the iconic Renault 4 as a small electric car. Here’s everything we know about it

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Renault Modus was MPV-misser na succesvolle Espace en Scenic

On this InsideEVs podcast, we talk about the Renault 5, some funky Fiats and Ford launching its NACS charging adapter.

Renault 5 Debuts, Retro Fiats, Ford NACS Launches, Apple Car Is Dead

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Editor-at-large John McIlroy thinks the Geneva launches of the Renault 5 and MG3 show that the death of the small car has been greatly exaggerated

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Renault confirmed today that it is in talks with Volkswagen to build a BEV minicar for the European market. The...

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This week's Auto Express issue features exclusive images of the next-generation Nissan Juke, a review of the updated Tesla Model 3, a closer look at sketches of the upcoming Skoda Superb, and a report on new cars revealed at the Tokyo Motor Show.

Auto Express Issue

The family-run SMC Motor Group is to change ownership for the first time in almost four decades after a takeover deal was agreed with SLM Group. The

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Renault aims to extract more value from Ampere through an initial public offering, but is unlikely to go ahead if the final valuation falls below $6.33 billion, Reuters reported.

Renault's Ampere ambitions tested by choppy IPO, slow EV markets, report says

RENAULT

renault

Renault Twizy — a good candidate for affordable self-driving car development platform Intro I’ve been planning to write this post for a very long time. My initial idea after doing a research in this area was to work on a real hardware and blog about the progress. But due to personal reasons (I’ll be moving from Stockholm to Berlin soon), I’ve decided to kick things off with this post about current challenges and potential solution for building an affordable car development . self-driving platform Goal The goal of this post is to explore a possibility . Cost for additional sensors like radars, LIDARs and etc. are not included in the final price. The scope of the effort should only be drive-by-wire system and not the actual brains of the autonomous vehicle. to build an affordable self driving car platform under 10K USD The final outcome should be something similar to: Basically, you should be able to control the car with your Xbox joystick. Background One of the main challenges in the self-driving car industry (among other things like technology itself, policy updates, ethical issues, etc.) is the If you are a small start up building a local autonomous delivery service or a single engineer trying out latest deep learning approaches for car/traffic sign detection, it is incredible hard (sometimes even impossible) to get things off the ground and test your solution in the real world setting. barrier of entry. Some people would argue that simulations would be good enough, but what if you want to make that next step? At the moment, this industry is reserved only for the big league, with heavy financial backing, which is pushing small players out at the very beginning of the game. Another side effect of current state is that this technology, which clearly has so many benefits on the society as a whole, will be first developed and deployed in just a few countries around the world. This puts the rest of the world in unequal position where we would need to license the tech from big players and experience even deeper technological and economical divide. Current developments in the self-driving car industry are at the moment one big science project for big VC funds. The topic of costs of building products and services in this area is usually not something which is openly discussed. That is why I was surprised once I stumbled upon this interesting video from Raquel Urtasun, current lead of Advanced Technologies Group at Uber, where she covers few ideas on how to build more affordable autonomous systems: So what are the costs exactly? There are few vendor companies ( et al) which are specialized in retrofitting cars with drive-by-wire, steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire systems. The costs for their services are between depending whether you are going for electric vehicle or the one with internal combustion engine. Of course, the price goes up in case you want to add advanced sensor set (LIDAR units i.e.). Most of these retrofitting companies are located in USA. Therefore, I needed some alternatives since I’m based in Europe. I’ve reached out to a company in Germany which is doing car retrofits for disabled people (since it’s the same by-wire system), but ended up with similar price tag. AutonomousStuff 70K and 100K USD and above Recently I’ve seen a British company trying to brake into this market, . But the price for their solution is also still too high ( ). Also, their primary customer focus seems to be educational market. StreetDrone over 60K USD There are some other advanced concepts like from OSVehicle, but I could not find any details on the release dates or price ranges. EDIT The car After going through many manufactures and models, I’ve ended up with choosing as an ideal candidate for this project. You can easily get a used one which is several years old for a price tag of . You might want to consider looking at Cargo version of it since you would have additional space in the back of the car for the necessary computing power. Renault Twizy 5K USD Steering Retrofitting steering column in the car is usually the most intrusive part of this procedure. I came up with two different approaches while doing my research for Renault Twizy. More expensive approach I’ve stumbled upon system on web site. I would assume that they are using this vendor for one of their own electric car retrofits. DC Electronics EPAS AutonomousStuff Source: DC Electronics The benefits of this system is that it’s replacing complete steering column in Twizy. It would be also possible to control the steering axis with CAN messages which I find quite useful. By reading the documentation of it, I found it straightforward to support the scenario where driver is supposed to take back control of the vehicle. Downside of this approach is of course the price. This is the price offer I’ve got from the company: So, not really the cheapest setup since the price of the new steering column can easily go over the price of the car itself. Cheaper approach After some time searching for the cheaper approach, I’ve discovered the work of (Dresden University of Applied Sciences). Basically, the way they approached this problem is replacing the steering column from Renault Twizy with the one from Renault Clio 2. In the video down below they demonstrate their solution where steering column is controlled as an RC unit. HTW Dresden You can find related Power Point presentation and you can also read their on this as well where they go into details (it is in German though). here paper Renault Twizy and Renault Clio 2 steering columns side-by-side You can find used Renault Clio 2 power steering column for as much as . 65 USD on eBay Throttle Exposing throttle as by-wire system seems to be the easiest part of the retrofit for this car. According to the web site from Dutch university group (which is taken down recently), sending raw 0–5 voltage signal to Engine Control Module (ECM) will enable you to control the throttle. They were also experimenting with Renault Twizy as their research vehicle. This approach is pretty much the same as . Autonomous Eindhoven Voyage used on their Ford Fusion The voltage itself can be controlled with an Arduino board or if you want something more fancy you can go for . CAN based voltage potentiometer Brakes Brakes on Reanult Twizy are based on hydraulic system. One way to approach this problem is to put in a brand new braking actuator. I’ve reached out to folks asking for help on this since they have solved this for their Kia Soul setup. You can find more info about it . But essentially they have used Electronically Controlled Brake system from Toyota Prius (it’s around ). According to Polysync, this approach is quite generic and should work on most of cars with hydraulic braking system. Polysync here 100 USD on eBay Source: Polysync Wiki Conclusion We’ve explored different options for retrofitting Renault Twizy for drive-by-wire scenario. This is far from a complete guide but it gives you a glimpse on the necessary work for building up an affordable platform for developers and startups interested into kicking off their own product/service in self-driving car area. The next step would be deciding on the brain for the vehicle. For some basic scenarios would be a good start since it has a low power consumption spec. You could consider putting ROS on it and expose steering, throttle and brakes as ROS nodes. If you are interested in more advanced scenarios which include sensors as well, you should check other options like or which are open source and free for your experimentation. NVIDIA Jetson TX2 Apollo Autoware If anyone is interested in doing this on a real Twizy, please reach out to me! You can easily find me on Twitter.

Building an affordable self-driving car development platform

When we hear the word “metaverse,” we may first picture Zuckerberg’s somewhat cringey, uncanny valley-esque virtual world that many of us don’t take seriously. Despite this, the metaverse has been growing into a beast, beginning to impact every aspect of life from schooling to healthcare, and even entertainment. Merging the physical and digital realities through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) spells out a world of possibilities. But famously, regulation and protection lag far behind tech innovation, so how do we protect our data in a virtual world that collects more information than ever? Ready Player… 7 Billion? The metaverse has a lot of promise, no matter how we feel about it. Ready Player One, Ernest Cline’s famous novel and subsequent film about a future based in the virtual world, might leave you either excited for or dreading the seemingly inevitable implementation of this virtual landscape. It will affect all of us and have a lasting and valuable impact as we each step into it. Virtual learning is not only beneficial for students with mobility issues, but also those with no easy access to a quality school. There are even programs to help adult learners both catch up and get ahead.
Trusting in metaverse healthcare may seem risky, but there are many great options from remote consultations to surgery assistance that have already been proven to be effective and safe.
The virtual workspace offers a wide range of applications. Architecture, design, and construction enter a world of new possibilities with the ability to experience and understand their spaces before they actually exist. Combining building information modeling (BIM) with VR has already brought this to life. And imagine being able to have a client interact with a product virtually to help secure a sale; Renault has even offered VR showroom experiences to test out various models and customization options.
And don’t forget the fun one: gaming. There are plenty of leisure activities to be enjoyed in the space, from socializing to co-op gaming, virtual tours, wellness, and fitness. What Fuels the Monster But what do we need for all of that to run at its best capacity? Data. A lot of it. Imagine health data, location tracking, personal habits, workplace information, social patterns, and more all in one place. It won’t be a surprise when the wolves come. Finding Our Vulnerabilities There are two main types of security concerns related to an expansion of metaverse activities: Large Data Breaches Breach after breach… hacks and attacks leave many feeling powerless when it comes to security, and the metaverse will only increase those fears. Data breaches in this sphere could mean more than identity theft or stolen bank information; it could mean access to the most intimate patterns of a user’s life. Sensitive biometric data and biometrically inferred data, information inferred from behavioral, physical, and psychological methods are on the collection list; a leak of this type of data could be devastating. Targeted Attacks Aside from large-scale data mining, there are also individual concerns to consider. The metaverse environment only provides more opportunities for bullying and harassment. An “I’ll do what I want here” attitude has already led to sexual harassment, and because of the life-like experience in the metaverse, it can even feel like the attacks are happening in real life. Attackers can zone in on a single user, based on their location, activities, or even how their avatar looks. The University of Chicago discovered a security vulnerability that let hackers access sensitive information and even hijack the VR headsets themselves. So it’s no surprise that the Cyberbullying Research Center is particularly concerned about the risks that this poses to children. Taking Control of Security The risks are clear, but how do we guard our increasingly valuable digital data and assets? There are some important areas where we can take action now, but a lot of security solutions will be a longer fight. Here are some key ways to increase your protection: Install parental control tools.
Risks to children are especially worrying, so creating limitations is paramount. Parental supervision controls exist on many VR programs, and other AI programs can moderate conversations in real time.


Educate yourself and your loved ones. Have a candid conversation with those around you when the time comes for them to step into the metaverse.


Push for better regulation. Writing to your local representative or taking part in a cause group can help fight for timely regulation.


Choose the right programs. Developers also need to act in good faith, taking good care of our data; support those that use ethical data collection and storage.


Secure your accounts. Don’t forget important security measures. Even basics like using secure, unique passwords, two-factor authentication, and login alerts shouldn’t be left behind.


Secure your digital assets. Whether you’re into game skins or art, use best practices like buying on the blockchain or on a regulated marketplace to prevent easy theft. A Brave New World The metaverse is inevitable, and it’s already doing a lot of good. More people have access to quality healthcare, kids can receive quality education, and people everywhere can have access to exercise classes, new work opportunities, and unique leisure fun. It’s easy to cringe away from these risks, but the benefits could be life-altering for many users. While it’s still growing, it’s up to us to fight for better regulation and master our data defense skills. Let’s face the metaverse with a healthy amount of caution and a generous amount of adventure, ready to take on all this new frontier has to offer. When we hear the word “metaverse,” we may first picture Zuckerberg’s somewhat cringey, uncanny valley-esque virtual world that many of us don’t take seriously. Despite this, the metaverse has been growing into a beast, beginning to impact every aspect of life from schooling to healthcare, and even entertainment. Merging the physical and digital realities through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) spells out a world of possibilities. But famously, regulation and protection lag far behind tech innovation, so how do we protect our data in a virtual world that collects more information than ever? Ready Player… 7 Billion? Ready Player… 7 Billion? The metaverse has a lot of promise, no matter how we feel about it. Ready Player One , Ernest Cline’s famous novel and subsequent film about a future based in the virtual world, might leave you either excited for or dreading the seemingly inevitable implementation of this virtual landscape. It will affect all of us and have a lasting and valuable impact as we each step into it. Ready Player One Virtual learning is not only beneficial for students with mobility issues, but also those with no easy access to a quality school. There are even programs to help adult learners both catch up and get ahead. Trusting in metaverse healthcare may seem risky, but there are many great options from remote consultations to surgery assistance that have already been proven to be effective and safe. The virtual workspace offers a wide range of applications. Architecture, design, and construction enter a world of new possibilities with the ability to experience and understand their spaces before they actually exist. Combining building information modeling (BIM) with VR has already brought this to life. And imagine being able to have a client interact with a product virtually to help secure a sale; Renault has even offered VR showroom experiences to test out various models and customization options. And don’t forget the fun one: gaming. There are plenty of leisure activities to be enjoyed in the space, from socializing to co-op gaming, virtual tours, wellness, and fitness. Virtual learning is not only beneficial for students with mobility issues, but also those with no easy access to a quality school. There are even programs to help adult learners both catch up and get ahead. Virtual learning Trusting in metaverse healthcare may seem risky, but there are many great options from remote consultations to surgery assistance that have already been proven to be effective and safe. metaverse healthcare The virtual workspace offers a wide range of applications. Architecture, design, and construction enter a world of new possibilities with the ability to experience and understand their spaces before they actually exist. Combining building information modeling (BIM) with VR has already brought this to life. And imagine being able to have a client interact with a product virtually to help secure a sale; Renault has even offered VR showroom experiences to test out various models and customization options. The virtual workspace And don’t forget the fun one: gaming . There are plenty of leisure activities to be enjoyed in the space, from socializing to co-op gaming, virtual tours, wellness, and fitness. gaming What Fuels the Monster What Fuels the Monster But what do we need for all of that to run at its best capacity? Data. A lot of it. Imagine health data, location tracking, personal habits, workplace information, social patterns, and more all in one place. It won’t be a surprise when the wolves come. lot Finding Our Vulnerabilities Finding Our Vulnerabilities There are two main types of security concerns related to an expansion of metaverse activities: Large Data Breaches Large Data Breaches Large Data Breaches Breach after breach… hacks and attacks leave many feeling powerless when it comes to security, and the metaverse will only increase those fears. Data breaches in this sphere could mean more than identity theft or stolen bank information; it could mean access to the most intimate patterns of a user’s life. Sensitive biometric data and biometrically inferred data, information inferred from behavioral, physical, and psychological methods are on the collection list ; a leak of this type of data could be devastating. on the collection list Targeted Attacks Targeted Attacks Targeted Attacks Aside from large-scale data mining, there are also individual concerns to consider. The metaverse environment only provides more opportunities for bullying and harassment. An “I’ll do what I want here” attitude has already led to sexual harassment , and because of the life-like experience in the metaverse, it can even feel like the attacks are happening in real life. Attackers can zone in on a single user, based on their location, activities, or even how their avatar looks. The University of Chicago discovered a security vulnerability that let hackers access sensitive information and even hijack the VR headsets themselves. So it’s no surprise that the Cyberbullying Research Center is particularly concerned about the risks that this poses to children. already led to sexual harassment Taking Control of Security Taking Control of Security The risks are clear, but how do we guard our increasingly valuable digital data and assets? There are some important areas where we can take action now, but a lot of security solutions will be a longer fight. Here are some key ways to increase your protection: Install parental control tools.
Risks to children are especially worrying, so creating limitations is paramount. Parental supervision controls exist on many VR programs, and other AI programs can moderate conversations in real time. Educate yourself and your loved ones. Have a candid conversation with those around you when the time comes for them to step into the metaverse. Push for better regulation. Writing to your local representative or taking part in a cause group can help fight for timely regulation. Choose the right programs. Developers also need to act in good faith, taking good care of our data; support those that use ethical data collection and storage. Secure your accounts. Don’t forget important security measures. Even basics like using secure, unique passwords, two-factor authentication, and login alerts shouldn’t be left behind. Secure your digital assets. Whether you’re into game skins or art, use best practices like buying on the blockchain or on a regulated marketplace to prevent easy theft. Install parental control tools. Risks to children are especially worrying, so creating limitations is paramount. Parental supervision controls exist on many VR programs, and other AI programs can moderate conversations in real time. Install parental control tools . Install parental control tools Risks to children are especially worrying, so creating limitations is paramount. Parental supervision controls exist on many VR programs, and other AI programs can moderate conversations in real time. Educate yourself and your loved ones. Have a candid conversation with those around you when the time comes for them to step into the metaverse. Educate yourself and your loved ones . Have a candid conversation with those around you when the time comes for them to step into the metaverse. Educate yourself and your loved ones Push for better regulation. Writing to your local representative or taking part in a cause group can help fight for timely regulation. Push for better regulation . Writing to your local representative or taking part in a cause group can help fight for timely regulation. Push for better regulation Choose the right programs. Developers also need to act in good faith, taking good care of our data; support those that use ethical data collection and storage. Choose the right programs . Developers also need to act in good faith, taking good care of our data; support those that use ethical data collection and storage. Choose the right programs Secure your accounts. Don’t forget important security measures. Even basics like using secure, unique passwords, two-factor authentication, and login alerts shouldn’t be left behind. Secure your accounts . Don’t forget important security measures. Even basics like using secure, unique passwords, two-factor authentication, and login alerts shouldn’t be left behind. Secure your accounts Secure your digital assets. Whether you’re into game skins or art, use best practices like buying on the blockchain or on a regulated marketplace to prevent easy theft. Secure your digital assets . Whether you’re into game skins or art, use best practices like buying on the blockchain or on a regulated marketplace to prevent easy theft. Secure your digital assets A Brave New World A Brave New World The metaverse is inevitable, and it’s already doing a lot of good. More people have access to quality healthcare, kids can receive quality education, and people everywhere can have access to exercise classes, new work opportunities, and unique leisure fun. It’s easy to cringe away from these risks, but the benefits could be life-altering for many users. While it’s still growing, it’s up to us to fight for better regulation and master our data defense skills. Let’s face the metaverse with a healthy amount of caution and a generous amount of adventure, ready to take on all this new frontier has to offer.

Metaverse Growth Brings New Data Protection Headaches

Растежът на Metaverse носи нови главоболия, свързани със защитата на данните

El crecimiento del metaverso trae nuevos problemas de protección de datos

Rast Metaverse donosi nove glavobolje vezane uz zaštitu podataka

Kwasans Metaverse pote nouvo tèt fè mal pwoteksyon done

メタバースの成長が新たなデータ保護の悩みをもたらす

Metaverse Growth მოაქვს ახალი მონაცემთა დაცვის თავის ტკივილი

메타버스 성장으로 새로운 데이터 보호 문제가 발생하다

Kgolo ya Metaverse e Tliša Dihlogo tše Mpsha tša Tšhireletšo ya Datha

Gukura Metaverse Kuzana amakuru mashya yo kurinda umutwe

Metaverse Growth නව දත්ත ආරක්ෂණ හිසරදය ගෙන එයි

Metaverse Büyümesi Yeni Veri Koruma Sorunları Getiriyor

Ku Kula Ka Metaverse Ku Tisa Switlhavi Swa Nhloko Leswintshwa Swa Nsirhelelo Wa Data

Launching a new crypto project often necessitates engaging with top-tier Web3 marketing agencies to build visibility and attract investors. While their services, including paid advertising (PPC) and key opinion leader (KOL) marketing, may come with a significant investment, this cost can yield substantial returns when executed with a strategic approach. Choosing the right agency is crucial, as not all agencies deliver the same level of quality, despite offering similar services. Selecting an agency without proper due diligence could result in a marketing fiasco. In today’s saturated market, partnering with the best marketing experts can help establish a solid and reputable presence quickly and effectively. Based on our expertise in the crypto sector, here are some of the top Web3 marketing agencies to consider for 2024: Coinband Notable Clients: Bybit, NEAR Protocol, DAO Maker, Uniswap, Huobi, Tezos, Space ID. Services: PPC, Social Media Marketing (SMM), Community Management, Public Relations (PR), Influencer Marketing, SEO, and Website Development. Pricing: Customized proposals are available upon request. Founded in 2022, Coinband has rapidly gained prominence in the Web3 marketing space, delivering exceptional results for crypto and blockchain projects. With a global presence in New York, London, Hong Kong, Dubai, Warsaw, and Kyiv, Coinband offers a comprehensive range of services. Their advanced PPC strategies and adept handling of ad placements on major platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and more make them a strong choice for projects aiming to expand their digital footprint. Cryptovirally Notable Clients: Dypius, Bybit, Wemix, UNCX Network, CoinStats, Fellaz, Bitcasino.io, Mycointainer, Volt Inu, UPBOTS and many others. Services: Crypto PR, Project Awareness, Influencer Marketing, NFT Promotion, Social Media Reach, Viral Marketing, Community Management, Crypto AMA Sessions, TV Interviews, Audit & KYC Solutions, Graphics and Web Design. Pricing: Free consultations, budget calculators, "Ready-to-Buy" services, and limited-time discounts. With extensive experience in the crypto industry, Cryptovirally offers a full suite of marketing services designed to boost brand recognition. The agency’s expertise spans across PPC and KOL marketing, helping projects gain visibility through press releases, high-quality articles, and engaging social media campaigns. Their transparent pricing and budget calculator are advantageous for projects with varying budget constraints. ICODA Notable Clients: CoinGecko, Forklog, CoinMarketCap, Floki, Forbes, Investing.com, Prime XBT. Services: Crypto PR and Marketing, DeFi and NFT Promotion, SEO, Content Production, Influencer Marketing, P2E Marketing, Blockchain Development. Pricing: Personalized offers available upon consultation ICODA stands out with over 14 years of experience in the crypto marketing realm. Known for their data-driven approach, ICODA excels in creating tailored marketing strategies for a broad range of Web3 projects. Their capabilities extend to smart contract and blockchain development, offering a comprehensive package that includes multi-channel PPC strategies and robust content creation. NinjaPromo Notable Clients: HTX, OVHcloud, Lisk, Affyn, MicroBuddies, Bitcoin.com, Rebus Chain. Services: Social Media Marketing and Management, Video Production and Marketing, SEO, PR Strategy, Social Ads, PPC. Pricing: Standard Plan - 40 hours at $3,000/month; Pro Plan - 80 hours at $5,200/month; Best Choice Plan - 160 hours at $8,800/month NinjaPromo, founded in 2017, provides a range of marketing solutions with a unique hourly billing model. The agency’s extensive team and flexible service hours offer clients personalized attention and expertise. Their approach allows projects to access a diverse pool of marketing professionals, making it a viable option for those seeking a comprehensive, hands-on marketing strategy. Crowdcreate Notable Clients: Bitmex, KuCoin, Origin Protocol, Iskra, The Sandbox, Valora, Renault, Venom, Apex. Services: Social Media Management, PR, Influencer Marketing, Community Building, Content Creation, Crypto Video Marketing, Cold Email Marketing. Pricing: Custom offers are available upon consultation. Crowdcreate, based in Los Angeles with a global team, offers cost-effective marketing solutions ideal for emerging projects. Established in 2014, the agency has a proven track record in raising awareness and generating leads for over 600 projects. Their services include comprehensive PPC management and real-time analytics, making them a solid choice for projects looking to enhance their visibility and engagement. These agencies represent some of the top choices for Web3 marketing in 2024 and 2025. When selecting an agency, consider their expertise, reputation, and the value they offer to ensure you make an informed decision that aligns with your project's needs and budget. Launching a new crypto project often necessitates engaging with top-tier Web3 marketing agencies to build visibility and attract investors. While their services, including paid advertising (PPC) and key opinion leader (KOL) marketing, may come with a significant investment, this cost can yield substantial returns when executed with a strategic approach. Choosing the right agency is crucial, as not all agencies deliver the same level of quality, despite offering similar services. Selecting an agency without proper due diligence could result in a marketing fiasco. In today’s saturated market, partnering with the best marketing experts can help establish a solid and reputable presence quickly and effectively. Based on our expertise in the crypto sector, here are some of the top Web3 marketing agencies to consider for 2024: Coinband Notable Clients: Bybit, NEAR Protocol, DAO Maker, Uniswap, Huobi, Tezos, Space ID. Notable Clients: Bybit, NEAR Protocol, DAO Maker, Uniswap, Huobi, Tezos, Space ID. Services: PPC, Social Media Marketing (SMM), Community Management, Public Relations (PR), Influencer Marketing, SEO, and Website Development. Services: PPC, Social Media Marketing (SMM), Community Management, Public Relations (PR), Influencer Marketing, SEO, and Website Development. Pricing: Customized proposals are available upon request. Pricing: Customized proposals are available upon request. Founded in 2022, Coinband has rapidly gained prominence in the Web3 marketing space, delivering exceptional results for crypto and blockchain projects. With a global presence in New York, London, Hong Kong, Dubai, Warsaw, and Kyiv, Coinband offers a comprehensive range of services. Coinband Their advanced PPC strategies and adept handling of ad placements on major platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and more make them a strong choice for projects aiming to expand their digital footprint. Cryptovirally Notable Clients: Dypius, Bybit, Wemix, UNCX Network, CoinStats, Fellaz, Bitcasino.io, Mycointainer, Volt Inu, UPBOTS and many others. Notable Clients: Dypius, Bybit, Wemix, UNCX Network, CoinStats, Fellaz, Bitcasino.io, Mycointainer, Volt Inu, UPBOTS and many others. Services: Crypto PR, Project Awareness, Influencer Marketing, NFT Promotion, Social Media Reach, Viral Marketing, Community Management, Crypto AMA Sessions, TV Interviews, Audit & KYC Solutions, Graphics and Web Design. Services: Crypto PR, Project Awareness, Influencer Marketing, NFT Promotion, Social Media Reach, Viral Marketing, Community Management, Crypto AMA Sessions, TV Interviews, Audit & KYC Solutions, Graphics and Web Design. Pricing: Free consultations, budget calculators, "Ready-to-Buy" services, and limited-time discounts. Pricing: Free consultations, budget calculators, "Ready-to-Buy" services, and limited-time discounts. With extensive experience in the crypto industry, Cryptovirally offers a full suite of marketing services designed to boost brand recognition. The agency’s expertise spans across PPC and KOL marketing, helping projects gain visibility through press releases, high-quality articles, and engaging social media campaigns. Cryptovirally Their transparent pricing and budget calculator are advantageous for projects with varying budget constraints. ICODA Notable Clients: CoinGecko, Forklog, CoinMarketCap, Floki, Forbes, Investing.com, Prime XBT. Notable Clients: CoinGecko, Forklog, CoinMarketCap, Floki, Forbes, Investing.com, Prime XBT. Services: Crypto PR and Marketing, DeFi and NFT Promotion, SEO, Content Production, Influencer Marketing, P2E Marketing, Blockchain Development. Services: Crypto PR and Marketing, DeFi and NFT Promotion, SEO, Content Production, Influencer Marketing, P2E Marketing, Blockchain Development. Pricing: Personalized offers available upon consultation Pricing: Personalized offers available upon consultation ICODA stands out with over 14 years of experience in the crypto marketing realm. Known for their data-driven approach, ICODA excels in creating tailored marketing strategies for a broad range of Web3 projects. 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Authors:
(1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Observations Models Results Discussion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C References References Alford, M. H., 2001: Internal swell generation: The spatial distribution of energy flux from the wind to mixed layer near-inertial motions. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31 (8), 2359–2368. Alford, M. H., 2020: Revisiting near-inertial wind work: Slab models, relative stress, and mixed layer deepening. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (11), 3141–3156. Alford, M. H., J. A. MacKinnon, H. L. Simmons, and J. D. Nash, 2016: Near-inertial internal gravity waves in the ocean. Annual review of marine science, 8, 95–123. Arbic, B. K., and G. R. Flierl, 2004: Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom ekman friction: Application to midocean eddies. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (10), 2257–2273. Asselin, O., and W. R. Young, 2020: Penetration of wind-generated near-inertial waves into a turbulent ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (6), 1699–1716. Balmforth, N., S. G. Llewellyn Smith, and W. Young, 1998: Enhanced dispersion of near-inertial waves in an idealized geostrophic flow. Journal of marine research, 56 (1), 1–40. Balmforth, N. J., and W. R. Young, 1999: Radiative damping of near-inertial oscillations in the mixed layer. Journal of marine research, 57 (4), 561–584. Buckingham, C. E., and Coauthors, 2016: Seasonality of submesoscale flows in the ocean surface boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (5), 2118–2126. Burns, K. J., G. M. Vasil, J. S. Oishi, D. Lecoanet, and B. P. Brown, 2020: Dedalus: A flexible framework for numerical simulations with spectral methods. Phys. Rev. Res., 2, 023 068. Callies, J., R. Barkan, and A. N. Garabato, 2020: Time scales of submesoscale flow inferred from a mooring array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (4), 1065–1086. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, D. Calvert, A. L. Grant, M. J. Bell, and S. E. Belcher, 2020: A comparison of five surface mixed layer models with a year of observations in the north atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 187, 102 316. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson, U. Binetti, and J. Kaiser, 2016: The vertical structure of upper ocean variability at the porcupine abyssal plain during 2012–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 3075–3089. D’Asaro, E. A., 1985: The energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (8), 1043–1059. D’Asaro, E. A., 1995: Upper-ocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part III: Interaction of inertial currents and mesoscale eddies. Journal of physical oceanography, 25 (11), 2953–2958. D’Asaro, E. A., C. C. Eriksen, M. D. Levine, P. Niiler, P. Van Meurs, and Coauthors, 1995: Upperocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part I: Data and comparisons with linear theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (11), 2909–2936. Dewar, W. K., and G. R. Flierl, 1987: Some effects of the wind on rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10), 1653–1667. Essink, S., E. Kunze, R.-C. Lien, R. Inoue, and S.-i. Ito, 2022: Near-inertial wave interactions and turbulence production in a kuroshio anticyclonic eddy. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (11), 2687–2704. Ferrari, R., and C. Wunsch, 2009: Ocean circulation kinetic energy: Reservoirs, sources, and sinks. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 41, 253–282. Flexas, M. M., A. F. Thompson, H. S. Torres, P. Klein, J. T. Farrar, H. Zhang, and D. Menemenlis, 2019: Global estimates of the energy transfer from the wind to the ocean, with emphasis on near-inertial oscillations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124 (8), 5723–5746. Gill, A. E., 1984: On the behavior of internal waves in the wakes of storms. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14 (7), 1129–1151. Gnanadesikan, A., M.-A. Pradal, and R. Abernathey, 2015: Isopycnal mixing by mesoscale eddies significantly impacts oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (11), 4249–4255. Guan, S., W. Zhao, J. Huthnance, J. Tian, and J. Wang, 2014: Observed upper ocean response to typhoon megi (2010) in the northern south china sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (5), 3134–3157. Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2018: Era5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus climate change service (c3s) climate data store (cds), 10 (10.24381). Jayne, S. R., and J. Marotzke, 2002: The oceanic eddy heat transport. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (12), 3328–3345. Jochum, M., B. P. Briegleb, G. Danabasoglu, W. G. Large, N. J. Norton, S. R. Jayne, M. H. Alford, and F. O. Bryan, 2013: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate. Journal of Climate, 26 (9), 2833–2844. Kato, H., and O. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37 (4), 643–655. Kunze, E., 1985: Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (5), 544–565. Large, W., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of physical oceanography, 11 (3), 324–336. Lee, D.-K., and P. P. Niiler, 1998: The inertial chimney: The near-inertial energy drainage from the ocean surface to the deep layer. 103 (C4), 7579–7591. Moehlis, J., and S. G. L. Smith, 2001: Radiation of mixed layer near-inertial oscillations into the ocean interior. Journal of physical oceanography, 31 (6), 1550–1560. M¨uller, P., J. McWilliams, and J. Molemaker, 2011: Routes to dissipation in the ocean: The 2D/3D turbulence conundrum. Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models, Cambridge University Press. Nikurashin, M., G. K. Vallis, and A. Adcroft, 2013: Routes to energy dissipation for geostrophic flows in the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6 (1), 48–51. Plueddemann, A., and J. Farrar, 2006: Observations and models of the energy flux from the wind to mixed-layer inertial currents. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53 (1-2), 5–30. Pollard, R. T., and R. Millard, 1970: Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 17, 813–821. Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 4 (4), 381–404. Rama, J., C. J. Shakespeare, and A. M. Hogg, 2022: The wavelength dependence of the propagation of near-inertial internal waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (10), 2493–2514. Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemarie, D. Chelton, ´ S. Illig, and A. Hall, 2016: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (6), 1685–1704. Rocha, C. B., G. L. Wagner, and W. R. Young, 2018: Stimulated generation: extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 847, 417–451. Taburet, G., A. Sanchez-Roman, M. Ballarotta, M.-I. Pujol, J.-F. Legeais, F. Fournier, Y. Faugere, and G. Dibarboure, 2019: Duacs dt2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products. Ocean Science, 15 (5), 1207–1224. Thomas, L. N., L. Rainville, O. Asselin, W. R. Young, J. Girton, C. B. Whalen, L. Centurioni, and V. Hormann, 2020: Direct observations of near-inertial wave 𝜁-refraction in a dipole vortex. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (21), e2020GL090 375. Thompson, A. F., A. Lazar, C. Buckingham, A. C. N. Garabato, G. M. Damerell, and K. J. Heywood, 2016: Open-ocean submesoscale motions: A full seasonal cycle of mixed layer instabilities from gliders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (4), 1285–1307. von Storch, J.-S., and V. L¨uschow, 2023: Wind power input to ocean near-inertial waves diagnosed from a 5-km global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128 (2), e2022JC019 111. Wagner, G., and W. Young, 2016: A three-component model for the coupled evolution of near-inertial waves, quasi-geostrophic flow and the near-inertial second harmonic. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 802, 806–837. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281–314. Xie, J.-H., and J. Vanneste, 2015: A generalised-lagrangian-mean model of the interactions between near-inertial waves and mean flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 774, 143–169. Young, W., and M. Ben Jelloul, 1997: Propagation of near-inertial oscillations through a geostrophic flow. JMR, 55, 735–766. Yu, X., A. C. Naveira Garabato, C. Vic, J. Gula, A. C. Savage, J. Wang, A. F. Waterhouse, and J. A. MacKinnon, 2022: Observed equatorward propagation and chimney effect of near-inertial waves in the midlatitude ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (13), e2022GL098 522. Zhai, X., H. L. Johnson, and D. P. Marshall, 2010: Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries. Nature Geoscience, 3 (9), 608–612. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Authors: Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Observations Observations Models Models Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C References References References Alford, M. H., 2001: Internal swell generation: The spatial distribution of energy flux from the wind to mixed layer near-inertial motions. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31 (8), 2359–2368. Alford, M. H., 2020: Revisiting near-inertial wind work: Slab models, relative stress, and mixed layer deepening. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (11), 3141–3156. Alford, M. H., J. A. MacKinnon, H. L. Simmons, and J. D. Nash, 2016: Near-inertial internal gravity waves in the ocean. Annual review of marine science, 8, 95–123. Arbic, B. K., and G. R. Flierl, 2004: Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom ekman friction: Application to midocean eddies. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (10), 2257–2273. Asselin, O., and W. R. Young, 2020: Penetration of wind-generated near-inertial waves into a turbulent ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (6), 1699–1716. Balmforth, N., S. G. Llewellyn Smith, and W. Young, 1998: Enhanced dispersion of near-inertial waves in an idealized geostrophic flow. Journal of marine research, 56 (1), 1–40. Balmforth, N. J., and W. R. Young, 1999: Radiative damping of near-inertial oscillations in the mixed layer. Journal of marine research, 57 (4), 561–584. Buckingham, C. E., and Coauthors, 2016: Seasonality of submesoscale flows in the ocean surface boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (5), 2118–2126. Burns, K. J., G. M. Vasil, J. S. Oishi, D. Lecoanet, and B. P. Brown, 2020: Dedalus: A flexible framework for numerical simulations with spectral methods. Phys. Rev. Res., 2, 023 068. Callies, J., R. Barkan, and A. N. Garabato, 2020: Time scales of submesoscale flow inferred from a mooring array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (4), 1065–1086. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, D. Calvert, A. L. Grant, M. J. Bell, and S. E. Belcher, 2020: A comparison of five surface mixed layer models with a year of observations in the north atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 187, 102 316. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson, U. Binetti, and J. Kaiser, 2016: The vertical structure of upper ocean variability at the porcupine abyssal plain during 2012–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 3075–3089. D’Asaro, E. A., 1985: The energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (8), 1043–1059. D’Asaro, E. A., 1995: Upper-ocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part III: Interaction of inertial currents and mesoscale eddies. Journal of physical oceanography, 25 (11), 2953–2958. D’Asaro, E. A., C. C. Eriksen, M. D. Levine, P. Niiler, P. Van Meurs, and Coauthors, 1995: Upperocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part I: Data and comparisons with linear theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (11), 2909–2936. Dewar, W. K., and G. R. Flierl, 1987: Some effects of the wind on rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10), 1653–1667. Essink, S., E. Kunze, R.-C. Lien, R. Inoue, and S.-i. Ito, 2022: Near-inertial wave interactions and turbulence production in a kuroshio anticyclonic eddy. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (11), 2687–2704. Ferrari, R., and C. Wunsch, 2009: Ocean circulation kinetic energy: Reservoirs, sources, and sinks. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 41, 253–282. Flexas, M. M., A. F. Thompson, H. S. Torres, P. Klein, J. T. Farrar, H. Zhang, and D. Menemenlis, 2019: Global estimates of the energy transfer from the wind to the ocean, with emphasis on near-inertial oscillations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124 (8), 5723–5746. Gill, A. E., 1984: On the behavior of internal waves in the wakes of storms. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14 (7), 1129–1151. Gnanadesikan, A., M.-A. Pradal, and R. Abernathey, 2015: Isopycnal mixing by mesoscale eddies significantly impacts oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (11), 4249–4255. Guan, S., W. Zhao, J. Huthnance, J. Tian, and J. Wang, 2014: Observed upper ocean response to typhoon megi (2010) in the northern south china sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (5), 3134–3157. Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2018: Era5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus climate change service (c3s) climate data store (cds), 10 (10.24381). Jayne, S. R., and J. Marotzke, 2002: The oceanic eddy heat transport. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (12), 3328–3345. Jochum, M., B. P. Briegleb, G. Danabasoglu, W. G. Large, N. J. Norton, S. R. Jayne, M. H. Alford, and F. O. Bryan, 2013: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate. Journal of Climate, 26 (9), 2833–2844. Kato, H., and O. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37 (4), 643–655. Kunze, E., 1985: Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (5), 544–565. Large, W., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of physical oceanography, 11 (3), 324–336. Lee, D.-K., and P. P. Niiler, 1998: The inertial chimney: The near-inertial energy drainage from the ocean surface to the deep layer. 103 (C4), 7579–7591. Moehlis, J., and S. G. L. Smith, 2001: Radiation of mixed layer near-inertial oscillations into the ocean interior. Journal of physical oceanography, 31 (6), 1550–1560. M¨uller, P., J. McWilliams, and J. Molemaker, 2011: Routes to dissipation in the ocean: The 2D/3D turbulence conundrum. Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models, Cambridge University Press. Nikurashin, M., G. K. Vallis, and A. Adcroft, 2013: Routes to energy dissipation for geostrophic flows in the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6 (1), 48–51. Plueddemann, A., and J. Farrar, 2006: Observations and models of the energy flux from the wind to mixed-layer inertial currents. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53 (1-2), 5–30. Pollard, R. T., and R. Millard, 1970: Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 17, 813–821. Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 4 (4), 381–404. Rama, J., C. J. Shakespeare, and A. M. Hogg, 2022: The wavelength dependence of the propagation of near-inertial internal waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (10), 2493–2514. Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemarie, D. Chelton, ´ S. Illig, and A. Hall, 2016: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (6), 1685–1704. Rocha, C. B., G. L. Wagner, and W. R. Young, 2018: Stimulated generation: extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 847, 417–451. Taburet, G., A. Sanchez-Roman, M. Ballarotta, M.-I. Pujol, J.-F. Legeais, F. Fournier, Y. Faugere, and G. Dibarboure, 2019: Duacs dt2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products. Ocean Science, 15 (5), 1207–1224. Thomas, L. N., L. Rainville, O. Asselin, W. R. Young, J. Girton, C. B. Whalen, L. Centurioni, and V. Hormann, 2020: Direct observations of near-inertial wave 𝜁-refraction in a dipole vortex. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (21), e2020GL090 375. Thompson, A. F., A. Lazar, C. Buckingham, A. C. N. Garabato, G. M. Damerell, and K. J. Heywood, 2016: Open-ocean submesoscale motions: A full seasonal cycle of mixed layer instabilities from gliders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (4), 1285–1307. von Storch, J.-S., and V. L¨uschow, 2023: Wind power input to ocean near-inertial waves diagnosed from a 5-km global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128 (2), e2022JC019 111. Wagner, G., and W. Young, 2016: A three-component model for the coupled evolution of near-inertial waves, quasi-geostrophic flow and the near-inertial second harmonic. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 802, 806–837. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281–314. Xie, J.-H., and J. Vanneste, 2015: A generalised-lagrangian-mean model of the interactions between near-inertial waves and mean flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 774, 143–169. Young, W., and M. Ben Jelloul, 1997: Propagation of near-inertial oscillations through a geostrophic flow. JMR, 55, 735–766. Yu, X., A. C. Naveira Garabato, C. Vic, J. Gula, A. C. Savage, J. Wang, A. F. Waterhouse, and J. A. MacKinnon, 2022: Observed equatorward propagation and chimney effect of near-inertial waves in the midlatitude ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (13), e2022GL098 522. Zhai, X., H. L. Johnson, and D. P. Marshall, 2010: Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries. Nature Geoscience, 3 (9), 608–612. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Want to Learn More About the Interactions Between Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies?

Authors:
(1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Observations Models Results Discussion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C References ABSTRACT The evolution of wind-generated near-inertial waves (NIWs) is known to be influenced by the mesoscale eddy field, yet it remains a challenge to disentangle the effects of this interaction in observations. Here, the model of Young and Ben Jelloul (YBJ), which describes NIW evolution in the presence of slowly evolving mesoscale eddies, is compared to observations from a mooring array in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. The model captures the evolution of both the observed NIW amplitude and phase much more accurately than a slab mixed layer model. The YBJ model allows for the identification of specific physical processes that drive the observed evolution. It reveals that differences in the NIW amplitude across the mooring array are caused by the refractive concentration of NIWs into anticyclones. Advection and wave dispersion also make important contributions to the observed wave evolution. Stimulated generation, a process by which mesoscale kinetic energy acts as a source of NIW potential energy, is estimated to be 20 µW m−2 in the region of the mooring array, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than the global average input to mesoscale kinetic energy and likely not an important contribution to the mesoscale kinetic energy budget in this region. Overall, the results show that the YBJ model is a quantitatively useful tool to interpret observations of NIWs. 1. Introduction Near-inertial waves (NIWs), internal waves with a frequency close to the inertial frequency 𝑓 , are resonantly excited by atmospheric winds exerting a stress on the ocean’s surface. It has long been recognized that these waves can interact with mesoscale eddies and that this interaction may be important in the life cycle of wind-generated NIWs. Observational evidence of NIW–mesoscale interactions is accumulating, but interpreting the observed NIW evolution in the presence of mesoscale eddies remains challenging. Here, we employ the theoretical framework of Young and Ben Jelloul (1997, from hereon YBJ) to identify and interpret such interactions in mooring observations in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. NIWs are associated with a large vertical shear, which can result in shear instabilities and vertical mixing (for a review, see Alford et al. 2016). These shear instabilities are a key mechanism by which atmospheric storms can cause the surface mixed layer to deepen. Jochum et al. (2013) showed that an improved representation of NIWs in a climate model led to a deepening of the mixed layer on average, which in turn resulted in significant changes in sea surface temperatures, winds, and precipitation. It has also been proposed that NIWs not only react to the presence of mesoscale eddies but feed back on the eddies and affect their evolution. Approximately 80% of the ocean’s kinetic energy exists as mesoscale motions (Ferrari and Wunsch 2009). The geostrophic constraint on mesoscale eddies traps energy at large scales, and it is not entirely clear how the energy input into mesoscale motion is balanced by dissipation (M¨uller et al. 2011). A number of mechanisms by which mesoscale eddies lose energy are known, including dissipation in bottom boundary layers (e.g., Arbic and Flierl 2004), the generation of dissipative lee waves (e.g., Nikurashin et al. 2013), energy loss near western boundaries (e.g., Zhai et al. 2010), and the top drag arising from the current dependence of the wind stress (e.g., Dewar and Flierl 1987; Renault et al. 2016). The extraction of energy from mesoscale eddies by NIWs presents another possibility (Xie and Vanneste 2015; Rocha et al. 2018). Given the great importance of mesoscale eddies to the transport of heat and carbon (e.g., Jayne and Marotzke 2002; Gnanadesikan et al. 2015), even small changes (see discussion in Asselin and Young 2020) to the mesoscale eddy field caused by NIWs may be significant to the impact of the ocean on climate. Despite its successes in capturing some aspects of the observed NIW signal, the PM model cannot explain the propagation of NIWs out of the mixed layer. If the NIW field is initially uniform, it will remain so. The model captures neither 𝛽-refraction nor the interaction with mesoscale eddies. This interpretation of the Ocean Storms Experiment was pursued further by Balmforth et al. (1998), who ran spin-down simulations of the YBJ equation. NIWs were initialized in the mixed layer and evolved in the presence of an idealized, barotropic mesoscale eddy field. Qualitative comparisons between the simulations and observations showed that YBJ dynamics were not inconsistent with the observed time for NIWs to escape the mixed layer. Balmforth and Young (1999) showed that including the 𝛽-effect improved the agreement with observations. Because an idealized eddy field was used, however, no quantitative conclusions could be drawn about the ability of YBJ to capture the observed evolution. In this study, we aim to bridge the gap between theory and observations by using the YBJ framework to interpret the observed evolution of NIWs in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. We use an array of nine moorings to capture some of the mesoscale variations in the NIW field. The YBJ framework allows us to attribute the observed NIW evolution to a set of well-defined physical processes. We integrate the three-dimensional YBJ equation using observational inputs for the wind forcing, mesoscale streamfunction, and stratification, and we compare these simulations to simpler slab models. We show that the YBJ model offers significant improvements in modeling NIW evolution, without the need for any tuning. We use the YBJ energy budgets to provide a dynamical interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the NIW field and quantify the relative importance of the various physical processes involved. We also provide an estimate for the importance of stimulated generation in this region. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Authors: Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Observations Observations Models Models Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C References References ABSTRACT The evolution of wind-generated near-inertial waves (NIWs) is known to be influenced by the mesoscale eddy field, yet it remains a challenge to disentangle the effects of this interaction in observations. Here, the model of Young and Ben Jelloul (YBJ), which describes NIW evolution in the presence of slowly evolving mesoscale eddies, is compared to observations from a mooring array in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. The model captures the evolution of both the observed NIW amplitude and phase much more accurately than a slab mixed layer model. The YBJ model allows for the identification of specific physical processes that drive the observed evolution. It reveals that differences in the NIW amplitude across the mooring array are caused by the refractive concentration of NIWs into anticyclones. Advection and wave dispersion also make important contributions to the observed wave evolution. Stimulated generation, a process by which mesoscale kinetic energy acts as a source of NIW potential energy, is estimated to be 20 µW m−2 in the region of the mooring array, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than the global average input to mesoscale kinetic energy and likely not an important contribution to the mesoscale kinetic energy budget in this region. Overall, the results show that the YBJ model is a quantitatively useful tool to interpret observations of NIWs. 1. Introduction Near-inertial waves (NIWs), internal waves with a frequency close to the inertial frequency 𝑓 , are resonantly excited by atmospheric winds exerting a stress on the ocean’s surface. It has long been recognized that these waves can interact with mesoscale eddies and that this interaction may be important in the life cycle of wind-generated NIWs. Observational evidence of NIW–mesoscale interactions is accumulating, but interpreting the observed NIW evolution in the presence of mesoscale eddies remains challenging. Here, we employ the theoretical framework of Young and Ben Jelloul (1997, from hereon YBJ) to identify and interpret such interactions in mooring observations in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. NIWs are associated with a large vertical shear, which can result in shear instabilities and vertical mixing (for a review, see Alford et al. 2016). These shear instabilities are a key mechanism by which atmospheric storms can cause the surface mixed layer to deepen. Jochum et al. (2013) showed that an improved representation of NIWs in a climate model led to a deepening of the mixed layer on average, which in turn resulted in significant changes in sea surface temperatures, winds, and precipitation. It has also been proposed that NIWs not only react to the presence of mesoscale eddies but feed back on the eddies and affect their evolution. Approximately 80% of the ocean’s kinetic energy exists as mesoscale motions (Ferrari and Wunsch 2009). The geostrophic constraint on mesoscale eddies traps energy at large scales, and it is not entirely clear how the energy input into mesoscale motion is balanced by dissipation (M¨uller et al. 2011). A number of mechanisms by which mesoscale eddies lose energy are known, including dissipation in bottom boundary layers (e.g., Arbic and Flierl 2004), the generation of dissipative lee waves (e.g., Nikurashin et al. 2013), energy loss near western boundaries (e.g., Zhai et al. 2010), and the top drag arising from the current dependence of the wind stress (e.g., Dewar and Flierl 1987; Renault et al. 2016). The extraction of energy from mesoscale eddies by NIWs presents another possibility (Xie and Vanneste 2015; Rocha et al. 2018). Given the great importance of mesoscale eddies to the transport of heat and carbon (e.g., Jayne and Marotzke 2002; Gnanadesikan et al. 2015), even small changes (see discussion in Asselin and Young 2020) to the mesoscale eddy field caused by NIWs may be significant to the impact of the ocean on climate. Despite its successes in capturing some aspects of the observed NIW signal, the PM model cannot explain the propagation of NIWs out of the mixed layer. If the NIW field is initially uniform, it will remain so. The model captures neither 𝛽-refraction nor the interaction with mesoscale eddies. This interpretation of the Ocean Storms Experiment was pursued further by Balmforth et al. (1998), who ran spin-down simulations of the YBJ equation. NIWs were initialized in the mixed layer and evolved in the presence of an idealized, barotropic mesoscale eddy field. Qualitative comparisons between the simulations and observations showed that YBJ dynamics were not inconsistent with the observed time for NIWs to escape the mixed layer. Balmforth and Young (1999) showed that including the 𝛽-effect improved the agreement with observations. Because an idealized eddy field was used, however, no quantitative conclusions could be drawn about the ability of YBJ to capture the observed evolution. In this study, we aim to bridge the gap between theory and observations by using the YBJ framework to interpret the observed evolution of NIWs in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. We use an array of nine moorings to capture some of the mesoscale variations in the NIW field. The YBJ framework allows us to attribute the observed NIW evolution to a set of well-defined physical processes. We integrate the three-dimensional YBJ equation using observational inputs for the wind forcing, mesoscale streamfunction, and stratification, and we compare these simulations to simpler slab models. We show that the YBJ model offers significant improvements in modeling NIW evolution, without the need for any tuning. We use the YBJ energy budgets to provide a dynamical interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the NIW field and quantify the relative importance of the various physical processes involved. We also provide an estimate for the importance of stimulated generation in this region. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Interpreting Observed Interactions Between Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies

Understanding Core Web Vitals: The Vital Signs of Your Website

মূল ওয়েব ভাইটাল বোঝা: আপনার ওয়েবসাইটের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ লক্ষণ

Grundlegende Web-Vitalwerte verstehen: Die Vitalfunktionen Ihrer Website

Comprensión de los elementos básicos de la web: los signos vitales de su sitio web

Comprendre les éléments essentiels du Web : les signes vitaux de votre site Web

कोर वेब वाइटल्स को समझना: आपकी वेबसाइट के महत्वपूर्ण संकेत

Core Web Vitals を理解する: Web サイトの重要な兆候

핵심 웹 바이탈 이해: 웹사이트의 바이탈 사인

Compreendendo os principais sinais vitais da Web: os sinais vitais do seu site

Понимание основных веб-жизненных показателей: жизненно важные признаки вашего веб-сайта

Temel Web Verilerini Anlamak: Web Sitenizin Yaşamsal Belirtileri

Hiểu các chỉ số quan trọng của trang web: Các dấu hiệu quan trọng của trang web của bạn

了解核心网络生命：您网站的生命体征

**ZUG, Switzerland, March 14th, 2024/Chainwire/--**QANplatform has announced that its quantum-resistant technology is being used for the first time by an EU country in the public sector. QANplatform’s technology protects government-owned cybersecurity infrastructure against quantum computing attacks. The announcement was made in Zug, Switzerland, with Johann Polecsak, Co-Founder and CTO of QANplatform, and QAN’s Intellectual Property (IP) holding company led by CEO Patrick Storchenegger. The partners are developing and implementing post-quantum cybersecurity (PQC) solutions based on the QAN blockchain platform’s post-quantum feature. It aligns with the NIST’s (US National Institute of Standards and Technology) quantum-resistant recommendations. The partners are implementing these PQC solutions into enterprise software. Patrick Storchenegger said: “We are proud of the successful integration of QAN’s unique technology by our partner, now utilized as a key component in its software as a post-quantum cybersecurity layer. This will enhance the country’s strategic advantage in navigating the quantum leap by securing its operations.” Johann Polecsak added: “We must always be ahead of the curve when it comes to cybersecurity, especially in the era of ‘Store now, decrypt later’. It is only a matter of time until quantum computers can break today's security algorithms. Recognizing this, we have built QANplatform from ground up to be immune against quantum computer attacks.” Store now, decrypt later (SNDL) also known as harvest now, decrypt later (HNDL), is a cybersecurity threat that involves attackers collecting encrypted data with the intention of decrypting it later using more powerful computing methods, such as quantum computers. The past year has seen a dramatic improvement in quantum computing capabilities, marked by IBM's Condor, the 1000+ qubit power-machine. The US White House has released its , emphasizing post-quantum cybersecurity as a key pillar, and in January 2024, and the also released strategies to prepare for the quantum era. National Cybersecurity Strategy NATO World Economic Forum The EU is anxious not to fall behind in the quantum race against its global competitors. To meet this challenge, the Quantum Technologies Flagship was launched in 2018 with a €1 billion budget. The race between quantum technology and the development of cybersecurity countermeasures has made it imperative for the public sector to take proactive measures to address these security challenges. Note: For national security reasons, the name of the EU country described in this release cannot be disclosed, nor can specific details about the exact use case. About QANplatform: is the quantum-resistant hybrid blockchain platform that allows developers and enterprises to build quantum-resistant smart contracts and web3 solutions on top of the QAN blockchain platform in any programming language. QANplatform , a Group Renault brand, and inter alia in the Formula 1 Esports Series signed QANplatform as its Official Blockchain Partner. QANplatform was selected for the 2023 Program, and backed by Qatar’s . Alpine Esports EY (Ernst & Young) Global Startup Academy MBK Holding | | Website X Telegram Contact Jevgenia KIM press@qanplatform.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here.

First EU Country Implements QANplatform’s Quantum-Resistant Technology

When Julien Sauvage joined the world champion Renault Formula 1 team in the mid-2000s as a data analyst, he never would have predicted the twisted road that took him to tech marketing in Silicon Valley. With leadership roles at Salesforce, Talend, Gong, and now as VP of Marketing at Clari, Sauvage has delivered consistent results, built great teams, and had by finding the middle lane. career success The Journey from F1 to Tech Marketing Exec Sauvage didn’t expect to end up in San Francisco when he started with Renault. Looking back, the journey was all about people. “ When you think about all the inflection points [in your career], it's always people. It's always somebody you met that deeply influenced you. ” But it’s not just luck to meet people who can advance your career. “It's meeting people with the right mindset, receiving them with open arms. Sauvage creates relationships that benefit both people. It’s those “people that got me where I am, and that will get me where I will be.” Leading Through Uncertainty Developing win-win relationships is just an example of a broader theme for Sauvage: finding the middle ground. Leaders often tend to one extreme or another: directive vs. compassionate, micromanage vs. hands-off, manage up vs. manage down. Sauvage does the difficult work of finding a lane through the middle. “ ” Flexing his style based on the situation, Sauvage is able to get the best from his team, “ ” I have a good balance of leading by example, showing others what to do, and also empowering people to show me what they do. striking that balance between strategy and execution, between leading with authority or leading with empathy. Keep it Fun Finding the balance between opposing approaches is not a perfect process. There will be times that you sway too far in one direction or the other. Getting through those times requires humility and a sense of humor. Sauvage describes it as “ He explains, “ ” keeping the fun, keeping the smile on.” His perspective helps to lower the stakes for everyone — making risk-taking and innovation more attractive.” It's just work. Even if the pipeline targets were not met last quarter, no one died. Fun and laughter are signs of a high-trust environment, and people want to work in a high-trust (or psychologically safe) workplace. In Sauvage’s words, “ ” building that fun and trust foundation is paramount to attracting and retaining top talent. Self Confidence and Self-Promotion As he has climbed the ladder, Sauvage has received feedback about his style. “ ” I can come across as lacking a little bit of self-confidence, but it's not the case. I actually have a lot of self-confidence. I just don't brag about my achievements. He explains, “ ” Yet, to be effective in the US, “ ”  Like many leaders, Sauvage is finding the middle lane, balancing humility and appropriate communication about his results. It might be a cultural thing, but [in France] you don't talk about how great you are or how great the work is. you have to be a little more assertive. Improving Execution One area where there is little appetite for finding the middle ground is in execution. The appetite for the delivery of more work is insatiable. As Sauvage says, “ ” Our challenge is prioritization. We do a lot of stuff, but it's oftentimes in a non-governed or not fully thought-through way. And as such, we spend a lot of calories running fast toward that thing, but no one asks: Wait. Is that the right direction? The answer isn’t a one-time prioritization exercise. The answer is a process for ensuring the team is focused on the right things. That’s what governance is: a process to evaluate and decide what activity will best support reaching the business goals. It’s proactive rather than reactive. Harking back to his F1 days, Sauvage says it this way. “ ” You've got to pick your lane. Find the Middle Ground Sauvage’s balanced approach to relationships, leadership, and communication has driven him from the racetrack to the boardroom. It requires a willingness to roll up your sleeves and find the best path forward. But Sauvage has shown it’s an effective way to deliver results, build a strong team, and navigate an exceptional career.

From Formula 1 to Tech Marketing: Taking the Middle Lane With Julien Sauvage

Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1 by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . How Joan Took Jargeau here How Joan Took Jargeau WE MADE a gallant show next day when we filed out through the frowning gates of Orleans, with banners flying and Joan and the Grand Staff in the van of the long column. Those two young De Lavals were come now, and were joined to the Grand Staff. Which was well; war being their proper trade, for they were grandsons of that illustrious fighter Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France in earlier days. Louis de Bourbon, the Marshal de Rais, and the Vidame de Chartres were added also. We had a right to feel a little uneasy, for we knew that a force of five thousand men was on its way under Sir John Fastolfe to reinforce Jargeau, but I think we were not uneasy, nevertheless. In truth, that force was not yet in our neighborhood. Sir John was loitering; for some reason or other he was not hurrying. He was losing precious time—four days at Etampes, and four more at Janville. We reached Jargeau and began business at once. Joan sent forward a heavy force which hurled itself against the outworks in handsome style, and gained a footing and fought hard to keep it; but it presently began to fall back before a sortie from the city. Seeing this, Joan raised her battle-cry and led a new assault herself under a furious artillery fire. The Paladin was struck down at her side wounded, but she snatched her standard from his failing hand and plunged on through the ruck of flying missiles, cheering her men with encouraging cries; and then for a good time one had turmoil, and clash of steel, and collision and confusion of struggling multitudes, and the hoarse bellowing of the guns; and then the hiding of it all under a rolling firmament of smoke—a firmament through which veiled vacancies appeared for a moment now and then, giving fitful dim glimpses of the wild tragedy enacting beyond; and always at these times one caught sight of that slight figure in white mail which was the center and soul of our hope and trust, and whenever we saw that, with its back to us and its face to the fight, we knew that all was well. At last a great shout went up—a joyous roar of shoutings, in fact—and that was sign sufficient that the faubourgs were ours. Yes, they were ours; the enemy had been driven back within the walls. On the ground which Joan had won we camped; for night was coming on. Joan sent a summons to the English, promising that if they surrendered she would allow them to go in peace and take their horses with them. Nobody knew that she could take that strong place, but she knew it—knew it well; yet she offered that grace—offered it in a time when such a thing was unknown in war; in a time when it was custom and usage to massacre the garrison and the inhabitants of captured cities without pity or compunction—yes, even to the harmless women and children sometimes. There are neighbors all about you who well remember the unspeakable atrocities which Charles the Bold inflicted upon the men and women and children of Dinant when he took that place some years ago. It was a unique and kindly grace which Joan offered that garrison; but that was her way, that was her loving and merciful nature—she always did her best to save her enemy’s life and his soldierly pride when she had the mastery of him. The English asked fifteen days’ armistice to consider the proposal in. And Fastolfe coming with five thousand men! Joan said no. But she offered another grace: they might take both their horses and their side-arms—but they must go within the hour. Well, those bronzed English veterans were pretty hard-headed folk. They declined again. Then Joan gave command that her army be made ready to move to the assault at nine in the morning. Considering the deal of marching and fighting which the men had done that day, D’Alencon thought the hour rather early; but Joan said it was best so, and so must be obeyed. Then she burst out with one of those enthusiasms which were always burning in her when battle was imminent, and said: “Work! work! and God will work with us!” Yes, one might say that her motto was “Work! stick to it; keep on working!” for in war she never knew what indolence was. And whoever will take that motto and live by it will likely to succeed. There’s many a way to win in this world, but none of them is worth much without good hard work back out of it. I think we should have lost our big Standard-Bearer that day, if our bigger Dwarf had not been at hand to bring him out of the melee when he was wounded. He was unconscious, and would have been trampled to death by our own horse, if the Dwarf had not promptly rescued him and haled him to the rear and safety. He recovered, and was himself again after two or three hours; and then he was happy and proud, and made the most of his wound, and went swaggering around in his bandages showing off like an innocent big-child—which was just what he was. He was prouder of being wounded than a really modest person would be of being killed. But there was no harm in his vanity, and nobody minded it. He said he was hit by a stone from a catapult—a stone the size of a man’s head. But the stone grew, of course. Before he got through with it he was claiming that the enemy had flung a building at him. “Let him alone,” said Noel Rainguesson. “Don’t interrupt his processes. To-morrow it will be a cathedral.” He said that privately. And, sure enough, to-morrow it was a cathedral. I never saw anybody with such an abandoned imagination. Joan was abroad at the crack of dawn, galloping here and there and yonder, examining the situation minutely, and choosing what she considered the most effective positions for her artillery; and with such accurate judgment did she place her guns that her Lieutenant-General’s admiration of it still survived in his memory when his testimony was taken at the Rehabilitation, a quarter of a century later. In this testimony the Duke d’Alencon said that at Jargeau that morning of the 12th of June she made her dispositions not like a novice, but “with the sure and clear judgment of a trained general of twenty or thirty years’ experience.” The veteran captains of the armies of France said she was great in war in all ways, but greatest of all in her genius for posting and handling artillery. Who taught the shepherd-girl to do these marvels—she who could not read, and had had no opportunity to study the complex arts of war? I do not know any way to solve such a baffling riddle as that, there being no precedent for it, nothing in history to compare it with and examine it by. For in history there is no great general, however gifted, who arrived at success otherwise than through able teaching and hard study and some experience. It is a riddle which will never be guessed. I think these vast powers and capacities were born in her, and that she applied them by an intuition which could not err. At eight o’clock all movement ceased, and with it all sounds, all noise. A mute expectancy reigned. The stillness was something awful—because it meant so much. There was no air stirring. The flags on the towers and ramparts hung straight down like tassels. Wherever one saw a person, that person had stopped what he was doing, and was in a waiting attitude, a listening attitude. We were on a commanding spot, clustered around Joan. Not far from us, on every hand, were the lanes and humble dwellings of these outlying suburbs. Many people were visible—all were listening, not one was moving. A man had placed a nail; he was about to fasten something with it to the door-post of his shop—but he had stopped. There was his hand reaching up holding the nail; and there was his other hand in the act of striking with the hammer; but he had forgotten everything—his head was turned aside listening. Even children unconsciously stopped in their play; I saw a little boy with his hoop-stick pointed slanting toward the ground in the act of steering the hoop around the corner; and so he had stopped and was listening—the hoop was rolling away, doing its own steering. I saw a young girl prettily framed in an open window, a watering-pot in her hand and window-boxes of red flowers under its spout—but the water had ceased to flow; the girl was listening. Everywhere were these impressive petrified forms; and everywhere was suspended movement and that awful stillness. Joan of Arc raised her sword in the air. At the signal, the silence was torn to rags; cannon after cannon vomited flames and smoke and delivered its quaking thunders; and we saw answering tongues of fire dart from the towers and walls of the city, accompanied by answering deep thunders, and in a minute the walls and the towers disappeared, and in their place stood vast banks and pyramids of snowy smoke, motionless in the dead air. The startled girl dropped her watering-pot and clasped her hands together, and at that moment a stone cannon-ball crashed through her fair body. The great artillery duel went on, each side hammering away with all its might; and it was splendid for smoke and noise, and most exalting to one’s spirits. The poor little town around about us suffered cruelly. The cannon-balls tore through its slight buildings, wrecking them as if they had been built of cards; and every moment or two one would see a huge rock come curving through the upper air above the smoke-clouds and go plunging down through the roofs. Fire broke out, and columns of flame and smoke rose toward the sky. Presently the artillery concussions changed the weather. The sky became overcast, and a strong wind rose and blew away the smoke that hid the English fortresses. Then the spectacle was fine; turreted gray walls and towers, and streaming bright flags, and jets of red fire and gushes of white smoke in long rows, all standing out with sharp vividness against the deep leaden background of the sky; and then the whizzing missiles began to knock up the dirt all around us, and I felt no more interest in the scenery. There was one English gun that was getting our position down finer and finer all the time. Presently Joan pointed to it and said: “Fair duke, step out of your tracks, or that machine will kill you.” The Duke d’Alencon did as he was bid; but Monsieur du Lude rashly took his place, and that cannon tore his head off in a moment. Joan was watching all along for the right time to order the assault. At last, about nine o’clock, she cried out: “Now—to the assault!” and the buglers blew the charge. Instantly we saw the body of men that had been appointed to this service move forward toward a point where the concentrated fire of our guns had crumbled the upper half of a broad stretch of wall to ruins; we saw this force descend into the ditch and begin to plant the scaling-ladders. We were soon with them. The Lieutenant-General thought the assault premature. But Joan said: “Ah, gentle duke, are you afraid? Do you not know that I have promised to send you home safe?” It was warm work in the ditches. The walls were crowded with men, and they poured avalanches of stones down upon us. There was one gigantic Englishman who did us more hurt than any dozen of his brethren. He always dominated the places easiest of assault, and flung down exceedingly troublesome big stones which smashed men and ladders both—then he would near burst himself with laughing over what he had done. But the duke settled accounts with him. He went and found the famous cannoneer, Jean le Lorrain, and said: “Train your gun—kill me this demon.” He did it with the first shot. He hit the Englishman fair in the breast and knocked him backward into the city. The enemy’s resistance was so effective and so stubborn that our people began to show signs of doubt and dismay. Seeing this, Joan raised her inspiring battle-cry and descended into the fosse herself, the Dwarf helping her and the Paladin sticking bravely at her side with the standard. She started up a scaling-ladder, but a great stone flung from above came crashing down upon her helmet and stretched her, wounded and stunned, upon the ground. But only for a moment. The Dwarf stood her upon her feet, and straightway she started up the ladder again, crying: “To the assault, friends, to the assault—the English are ours! It is the appointed hour!” There was a grand rush, and a fierce roar of war-cries, and we swarmed over the ramparts like ants. The garrison fled, we pursued; Jargeau was ours! The Earl of Suffolk was hemmed in and surrounded, and the Duke d’Alencon and the Bastard of Orleans demanded that he surrender himself. But he was a proud nobleman and came of a proud race. He refused to yield his sword to subordinates, saying: “I will die rather. I will surrender to the Maid of Orleans alone, and to no other.” And so he did; and was courteously and honorably used by her. His two brothers retreated, fighting step by step, toward the bridge, we pressing their despairing forces and cutting them down by scores. Arrived on the bridge, the slaughter still continued. Alexander de la Pole was pushed overboard or fell over, and was drowned. Eleven hundred men had fallen; John de la Pole decided to give up the struggle. But he was nearly as proud and particular as his brother of Suffolk as to whom he would surrender to. The French officer nearest at hand was Guillaume Renault, who was pressing him closely. Sir John said to him: “Are you a gentleman?” “Yes.” “And a knight?” “No.” Then Sir John knighted him himself there on the bridge, giving him the accolade with English coolness and tranquillity in the midst of that storm of slaughter and mutilation; and then bowing with high courtesy took the sword by the blade and laid the hilt of it in the man’s hand in token of surrender. Ah, yes, a proud tribe, those De la Poles. It was a grand day, a memorable day, a most splendid victory. We had a crowd of prisoners, but Joan would not allow them to be hurt. We took them with us and marched into Orleans next day through the usual tempest of welcome and joy. And this time there was a new tribute to our leader. From everywhere in the packed streets the new recruits squeezed their way to her side to touch the sword of Joan of Arc, and draw from it somewhat of that mysterious quality which made it invincible. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2874/pg2874-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

How Joan Took Jargeau

In the mass production industry, the path to an excellent product can have many challenges. The smart manufacturing era has brought many technologies to market players to solve them. To monitor assets, factories, production networks, and employees efficiency, manufacturers use digital twin technology 🏭 In essence, digital twins are an analogue of a physical object or process that simulates its characteristics and behavior in real time. The main advantage is the prediction of the quality of the final product and, as a result, the stimulation to make optimal decisions for the improvement of internal processes 📈💼 This post aims to inspire you with examples of the digital twin use in the manufacturing industry and to reveal the three essentials for its creation. So let’s dive in! 🐬 How Market-Leading Companies Use Digital Twin in Manufacturing Despite the fact that creating digital twins is a relatively new approach, it is already widely embraced by industry giants across a number of segments, from consumer electronics to energy tech. As of today, the list of companies using digital twins to boost their manufacturing processes includes: #1. Renault Group (Automotive) 🚗 The French automotive giant uses the product digital twin approach to develop virtual copies of real-world vehicles before they are produced. The product journey begins with creating the virtual vehicle design: from shape and appearance up to the smallest details of the interior. After the design is ready, the engineering department begins working on the virtual model of all the technological parts: engine, electronics, mechanics, and navigation systems included. Building a digital twin as detailed as this one enables Renault to test their vehicles before the actual verified design and engineering draft hits production and ensure maximum safety. The manufacturers can check if the vehicle’s modules comply with existing standards and make changes, if necessary, before assembling the actual product. #2. Kaeser (Machinery Manufacturing) 🏭 The German compressor production and service firm is another manufacturer on the list of companies using digital twins. Kaeser uses digitization to expand its product range. Rather than selling compressor units and leaving customers to operate them, the company adopted an as-a-service model. The customer gets charged based on their air consumption rates, and the company leads the unit through its lifecycle along with all the necessary maintenance and repairs. The DT lets the vendor know about everything that happens to a product or asset before the customers even notice any changes in the unit’s operations or behavior. The digital twin process enables Kaesen to eliminate problems before they become possible and develop predictive maintenance programs for their products. #3. Unilever PLC (FMCG) 🍏 This manufacturing giant offers us one of the most impressive digital twin use cases in manufacturing. The company started out by building 8 DTs of its factories located in different world regions. As of 2020, Unilever has completed more than 100 digital manufacturing sites to create a virtual model of the entire supply chain. This approach is helping to Anglo-Dutch FMCG giant to boost productivity, cut waste, optimize material usage, and ensure high compliance and quality. Every factory process gets monitored with sensors sending data to an enterprise cloud where the DT is recreated. The employees on sites can assess the DT data via handheld devices, model problems and solutions, and share data with colleagues. #4. Boeing (Aviation and Aerospace) 🛩 The world’s largest aerospace company is using DTs for aircraft modeling, engineering, and design. The need to organize, manage and derive information from loads of data prompted Boeing to create a digital twin of every asset and system involved in production. Boeing plans to share the results of this fundamental project with the supply chain participants. The DTs are now helping the airspace giant to predict product components’ performance in varying conditions, and plan repairs and replacements. Boeing’s other digital twin use cases in manufacturing include calculating cargo balances for the optimal and safe use of cargo room on board the plane. #5. Bridgestone (Tire Manufacturer) 🛞 Another company using DTs is Bridgestone. The world’s top producer of tires and rubber uses product DTs to estimate how various conditions including driving styles will impact their products. This helps vehicle fleets pick the optimal tire options for their purposes. Thus, the application of DTs helps increase product lifespans and protect the wheels from breakages. The company also uses virtual models to test and design its products. Running tests in a virtual environment helps Bridgestone accelerate production by almost 50%. The DT application also enables the company to share virtual twins of their upcoming products with partners for approval. #6. FMC Technologies (EnergyTech) 💡 In the energy sector, the oil and gas service company FMC Technologies is taking advantage of DT to improve the quality of their processes, detect and eliminate operation bottlenecks, and plan production in advance to meet future market needs. The company initially implemented DTs to maximize output and adjust its manufacturing lines to higher product quantities. As a result of the digital twin implementation, the company managed to examine and optimize operational processes, evaluate resource requirements, reduce risks and make informed decisions about equipment spending. FMC Technologies expanded the production throughput by 50%, due to digital manufacturing. #7. Electrolux (Electronics) 🔌 The Swedish domestic electronics manufacturer runs 48 production sites and has a comprehensive digitization strategy. Its first steps involved the simultaneous launch of several manufacturing projects. Consequently, the company plans to create digital twins for all of its production facilities. The company built a simulation of both the factory and the material flow in order to boost production capacity and efficiency. Due to the implementation of the pilot project, Electrolux managed to bring the products and manufacturing lines to the desired standard. Further, the company plans to launch a series of employee training to familiarize all its workers with the DTs. The examples above should have given you an answer to the question of ‘What is digital twin in manufacturing?’ and inspirations on how you could use this technology to boost the efficiency of your facility. In the next section, we will cover the essential technology for custom digital twin development. Tech Basics You Should Consider When Developing DTs in Manufacturing To create digital twin solutions, organizations leverage a combination of cloud computing, data analytics, and IoT. Let’s now explore these technologies in a little bit more detail. Cloud & Edge Computing Digital twin solutions feed on data to generate information that manufacturers could rely on in making decisions. Cloud computing allows organizations to store and operate large volumes of data, which would be nearly impossible to accomplish on-premises. The digital twin data is stored in a secure cloud environment and could be accessed from any location. The term “edge computing” refers to the data processing technique, which distributes processing capacities closer to the data source, rather them moving the data to a processing facility. To take full advantage of the digital twin technology, at least part of your enterprise operation should rely on a cloud-based infrastructure. At Visartech, we offer advanced cloud computing services, from cloud consulting and cloud migration to data engineering to building business-specific SaaS apps. The technologies we use include the following. Database building – Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis, Azure Cosmos DB, Azure Table Storage, and Amazon DynamoDB. Infrastructure services – Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google CloudPlatform, Docker, Kubernetes, and Firebase. Web backend – NodeJs, ASP.NET, Java, Django/Python for ; Frontend development – HTML/CSS, Javascript & jQuery, TypeScript, ReactVue, A-Frame. Data Collection & Analytics Digital twin development requires capturing, storing, and analyzing large volumes of data from various sources to create nearly synchronous simulations and predict the objects’ behavior in changing conditions. Deriving information from raw data requires developing data analytics algorithms that would generate insights from the incoming metrics. On top of that, insights should be comprehensible making them easy to read and decipher by decision-makers. At Visartech we leverage 2D and 3D visualizations and immersive technologies to create visual representations of data that entrepreneurs could rely on in making informed decisions. The tech stack we use consists of the following: 3D engines – Unity, PlayCanvas, Babylon.js, and three.js. Desktop and standalone VR kits – Steam VR, HTC Vive, Oculus VR, and Windows Mixed Reality. Mobile VR experiences – Google VR. Mobile AR – Apple AR Kit, Google AR, and CoreVuforia. We also use a variety of 3D sculpting and texturing, modeling, and animation technologies to create comprehensive and appealing interactive representations. These technologies can not only be applied to create simulations and effective visualizations, but also virtual training services, virtual tours, collaboration environments, and interactive apps. IoT Sensors IoT is another essential technology for creating digital simulations. To develop a digital replica of an object, it is necessary to connect it to IoT sensors which will capture the necessary data and metrics on the object’s performance. This data will later be processed by AI and ML algorithms, and the insights it brings will be presented in a comprehensive and convenient visual format. In custom digital twin development, IoT sensors help deliver useful data about the object’s current condition and synchronize its DT according to the latest alterations in its performance and environment. However, their use isn’t obligatory and will depend on the simulation type that you plan to create. To give you an advanced understanding of the digital twin architecture, we published this . article Summing Up Like many other industries, manufacturing is powered by impressive digital twins. The examples of giant companies on the market help a lot to consider the ways and methods of their use 🤔💡 Despite the difference between these methods, they are united by the application of basic techniques - Cloud & Edge Computing, Data Collection & Analytics, and IoT Sensors. With such a combination of technologies, you can create your own virtual double for the implementation of smart production, reducing the time and costs involved in industrial production, provision, and repairs ⏳💰 Also published at https://www.visartech.com/blog/digital-twin-solutions-in-manufacturing/

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