The former software engineer negotiated a sign-on bonus and relocation allowance when she moved from India to California in 2022.

An Oracle product manager got 2 promotions, a move to the US, and a $56,000 raise — all in 7 years. Here's how.

Oracle Layoffs: Over the weekend, numerous reports surfaced online, suggesting a large number of job cuts across Oracle, with 'several hundred' positions reportedly eliminated within OCI alone

Oracle Layoffs Sweep Through Cloud Division, Affecting Hundreds: Report

usbased tech giant oracle corporation reportedly laid off employees from its oracle cloud infrastructure oci division a report stated that the layoffs affected several hundred employees in this latest round in addition to the cloud division some employees claimed they were laid off from sales ...

Oracle lays off hundreds of people from its cloud division

Another round of Oracle layoffs appears to be in full swing, with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure ranking among the impacted divisions.

More Oracle Layoffs Started Nov. 1, Cloud Unit Impacted

Liftr Insights data reveals differences of Oracle Cloud on many factors from number of cores to price per core, but not...

Oracle Cloud offers lowest price per CPU core; per Liftr Insights

Band Protocol has recently teamed up with Sony’s Soneium Minato to boose the web3 dApps with Oracle Power. This will support further tokens like BTC, ETH, etc.

Band Protocol Teams Up with Sony’s Soneium Minato to Supercharge Web3 dApps with Oracle Power

We recently published a list of 10 Best Stocks to Buy and Hold For The Next Decade. In this article, we are going to take a look at where Oracle Corporation (NYSE:ORCL) stands against the other best stocks to buy and hold for the next decade. Is Nuclear Energy Making a Comeback?

Is Oracle Corporation (ORCL) the Best Cloud Stock to Buy and Hold for the Next Decade?

Oracle

oracle

Deno vs Oracle: Who Really Owns JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: ¿Quién es realmente el propietario de JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle : à qui appartient réellement JavaScript ?

Deno vs Oracle: quen realmente posúe JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: Ki moun ki reyèlman posede JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: Kinek van valójában a JavaScript tulajdonosa?

Deno vs Oracle: JavaScript を本当に所有しているのは誰ですか?

Deno ទល់នឹង Oracle៖ តើអ្នកណាជាម្ចាស់ JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: JavaScript-ийг үнэхээр хэн эзэмшдэг вэ?

Deno vs Oracle: ඇත්තටම JavaScript අයිති කාටද?

Deno vs Oracle: Yaa runtii leh JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: Sino Talaga ang Nagmamay-ari ng JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: I Mani Loyi A Nga N'wini Wa JavaScript Hakunene?

Vienna, September 25th, 2024 – Morpher GmbH, a blockchain trading platform for stocks, cryptos, forex, indices and unique markets such as sneakers and watches, has released an open source data oracle to improve access to reliable trading data. A blockchain oracle is a way of bringing data into a blockchain from external sources, including other blockchains. The oracles currently available suffer from the following problems: they have limited data availability, are not actually real-time, and have to battle licensing problems or usability problems (e.g. pull oracle data is visible before its being used). Oracles represent a single point of failure: if one of the currently available oracles goes down, so do all their feeds. This leaves blockchain applications depending on real-world data at a distinct disadvantage against regular platforms. To combat these shortcomings, Morpher’s Oracle has been built as an open source protocol, with multiple data sources aggregated. This allows for an increase in speed, accuracy, and reliability of data, which is a necessity for every settlement platform to operate. The Morpher Oracle comes in two flavors: a pull basedon-chain attestation data-service and a novel intent based oracle for EVM based chains. Both will include Data Feeds for US Equities, Commodities, Forex, and Crypto from the launch. The data is available in real-time, trustable, and able to be licensed to partners/developers. Morpher’s CEO Martin Froehler stated “Existing oracles could not power a real-time trading platform like Morpher. So we developed our own next generation, multi-sourced oracle which we are now making available to other projects on Radix and EVM chains.” Thomas Wiesner, Morpher’s CTO shares his vision for the oracle as "Our vision for the Morpher Oracle is to have the dev community continue to grow its robustness, adding more data streams, increasing the number of chains and further expanding the use cases past what we can currently imagine. We want to give a new tool to bring even more trust into blockchain." “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.”
-Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works Available to use today for all developers and see how quickly and accurately the Radix coin price is shown in USD. About Morpher Morpher, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, has been at the cutting edge of decentralized finance since 2018. The platform empowers users to trade virtual copies of real-world financial markets using its proprietary protocol and MPH token. Supported by prominent investors like Tim Draper, Morpher is dedicated to making global financial markets universally accessible. For more information, visit https://www.morpher.com/new. PR Contact Nick Stein Head of Growth nick@morpher.com +436603172205 Vienna, September 25th, 2024 – Morpher GmbH , a blockchain trading platform for stocks, cryptos, forex, indices and unique markets such as sneakers and watches, has released an open source data oracle to improve access to reliable trading data. Vienna, September 25th, 2024 Morpher GmbH Morpher GmbH open source data oracle open source data oracle A blockchain oracle is a way of bringing data into a blockchain from external sources, including other blockchains. The oracles currently available suffer from the following problems: they have limited data availability, are not actually real-time, and have to battle licensing problems or usability problems (e.g. pull oracle data is visible before its being used). Oracles represent a single point of failure: if one of the currently available oracles goes down, so do all their feeds. This leaves blockchain applications depending on real-world data at a distinct disadvantage against regular platforms. To combat these shortcomings, Morpher’s Oracle has been built as an open source protocol, with multiple data sources aggregated. This allows for an increase in speed, accuracy, and reliability of data, which is a necessity for every settlement platform to operate. The Morpher Oracle comes in two flavors: a pull basedon-chain attestation data-service and a novel intent based oracle for EVM based chains. Both will include Data Feeds for US Equities, Commodities, Forex, and Crypto from the launch. The data is available in real-time, trustable, and able to be licensed to partners/developers. Morpher’s CEO Martin Froehler stated “Existing oracles could not power a real-time trading platform like Morpher. So we developed our own next generation, multi-sourced oracle which we are now making available to other projects on Radix and EVM chains.” Thomas Wiesner, Morpher’s CTO shares his vision for the oracle as "Our vision for the Morpher Oracle is to have the dev community continue to grow its robustness, adding more data streams, increasing the number of chains and further expanding the use cases past what we can currently imagine. We want to give a new tool to bring even more trust into blockchain." “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.” -Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.” -Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works Available to use today for all developers and see how quickly and accurately the Radix coin price is shown in USD. About Morpher Morpher, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, has been at the cutting edge of decentralized finance since 2018. The platform empowers users to trade virtual copies of real-world financial markets using its proprietary protocol and MPH token. Supported by prominent investors like Tim Draper, Morpher is dedicated to making global financial markets universally accessible. For more information, visit https://www.morpher.com/new. https://www.morpher.com/new . https://www.morpher.com/new PR Contact Nick Stein Head of Growth nick@morpher.com nick@morpher.com nick@morpher.com +436603172205

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Releases  Open Source Data Oracle

La plataforma de comerç de Blockchain Morpher llança Oracle de dades de codi obert

La plataforma de comercio blockchain Morpher publica datos de código abierto de Oracle

A Morpher Blockchain Kereskedelmi Platform kiadja a nyílt forráskódú Oracle-t

ブロックチェーン取引プラットフォームMorpherがオープンソースデータOracleをリリース

ბლოკჩეინ სავაჭრო პლატფორმა Morpher ავრცელებს ღია კოდის მონაცემთა Oracle-ს

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Oracle ачык булак маалыматтарын чыгарат

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Oracle-ийн нээлттэй эхийн өгөгдлийг гаргажээ

د بلاکچین سوداګرۍ پلیټ فارم مورفر د خلاصې سرچینې ډیټا اوریکل خپروي

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher විවෘත මූලාශ්‍ර දත්ත ඔරකල් නිකුත් කරයි

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher wuxuu siidaayaa Xogta Oracle Isha Furan

Blockchain Ticaret Platformu Morpher Açık Kaynaklı Veri Oracle'ı Yayınladı

区块链交易平台 Morpher 发布开源数据预言机

A Step-by-step guide on how to use the .Net Aspire Oracle component in Visual Studio. .Net Aspire framework is used to develop cloud and production-ready distributed applications. It consists of components to handle cloud-native concerns such as Redis, Postgres, etc. Prerequisites Install .Net 8
Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher
.Net Aspire Workload
Container runtime such as Docker Desktop 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Objectives Learn how to create a starter project using .Net Aspire with the Oracle EF Core component. Github Sample: The solution structure is divided into the following projects:- DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService
DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost
DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults
DotnetAspireChallenge.Web Getting Started Step 1: Install the following NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost” dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle In the above project, register a server database and consume the Oracle connection using the following code. var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); Step 2: Install another NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService” dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore then register the context into the Program.cs file as follows builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); Step 3: Create a “Customer” class public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } Step 4: Create an extension class Create an extension class and register a minimal API get method to demonstrate the Oracle EF context usage in the API Service public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } and finally, register in the Program.cs file app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); Step 5: Hit the GET endpoint Finally, navigate to the GET URL shown below in your browser. It will insert the specified customer into the Oracle database, retrieve the most recently inserted row, and display it as a response. Add additional connection string properties using the JSON syntax {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } Congratulations..!! You’ve successfully integrated the Oracle component into the .Net Aspire project. Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge
Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net A Step-by-step guide on how to use the .Net Aspire Oracle component in Visual Studio. .Net Aspire framework is used to develop cloud and production-ready distributed applications. It consists of components to handle cloud-native concerns such as Redis , Postgres , etc. Redis Postgres Prerequisites Install .Net 8 Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher .Net Aspire Workload Container runtime such as Docker Desktop Install .Net 8 .Net 8 Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher Visual Studio 2022 .Net Aspire Workload Container runtime such as Docker Desktop Docker Desktop 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Objectives Learn how to create a starter project using .Net Aspire with the Oracle EF Core component. Github Sample : The solution structure is divided into the following projects:- Github Sample DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults DotnetAspireChallenge.Web DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults DotnetAspireChallenge.Web Getting Started Step 1: Install the following NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “ DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost ” DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle In the above project, register a server database and consume the Oracle connection using the following code. var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); Step 2: Install another NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “ DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService ” DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore then register the context into the Program.cs file as follows builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); Step 3: Create a “Customer” class public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } Step 4: Create an extension class Create an extension class and register a minimal API get method to demonstrate the Oracle EF context usage in the API Service public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } and finally, register in the Program.cs file app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); Step 5: Hit the GET endpoint Finally, navigate to the GET URL shown below in your browser. It will insert the specified customer into the Oracle database, retrieve the most recently inserted row, and display it as a response. Add additional connection string properties using the JSON syntax {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } Congratulations..!! You’ve successfully integrated the Oracle component into the .Net Aspire project. Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net

10 Days of .Net Aspire: Day 4 — Using Oracle Component in Visual Studio 

Oracles are another interesting way to customize your experience in the Obyte ecosystem. They're like bridges that connect decentralized networks to the outside world. Distributed ledgers are excellent at securely storing and verifying data, but they can't access real-world information on their own. Oracles solve this by fetching data from external sources and feeding it into their system, enabling smart contracts to interact with real-world events, prices, and information. Oracles work by collecting data from various sources like APIs, websites, sensors, or other off-chain data providers. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it (e.g., this is an Obyte oracle address, identical to any other wallet address: I2ADHGP4HL6J37NQAD73J7E5SKFIXJOT). Some oracles use a decentralized approach where multiple data sources are used to ensure accuracy and prevent manipulation. This mechanism helps ensure that the data is trustworthy and tamper-proof. On the other hand, you can easily set up your own personal oracle (data feed) for your specific use case, or let it be created by a close party, like a member of your family or coworker. This way, the oracle can offer any personalized information you can count on to make transactions among your inner circle, or with business partners. In Obyte, it’s possible to create your own oracle in a few minutes, without coding or technical steps. Potential Uses The use cases for oracles are vast and varied. In finance, they can provide real-time price feeds for cryptocurrencies and traditional assets, enabling decentralized finance (DeFi) applications like lending, trading, and insurance. In supply chain management, oracles can track and verify the status of goods in transit. They can also be used in gaming to bring in real-world events to affect gameplay, or in weather forecasting to trigger payouts in weather-based insurance policies. As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. For instance, we can register the successful completion of a specific task by Alice (a daughter, a coworker, a partner, etc.). A conditional payment from the wallet could use this information to release funds automatically if we use that oracle address (the wallet address of the oracle operator) to create the smart contract (Chat – [Registered Contact] - Recipient’s address – Offer smart contract). **  ** Human or customized oracles could also work for rewards in family tokens. For example, parents can create an oracle that tracks if specific tasks are completed by their children. A supervisor (such as a parent) can create an oracle by sending data into the Obyte DAG, such as a task's completion status. When a child completes a task, the supervisor updates the oracle with a value like "Yes." The family token system can then automatically trigger a reward, sending the predefined tokens from the family treasury to the child’s wallet as a reward for completing the task. The same principle could apply to anything you like to use it for. Steps without coding First of all, you’ll need to download and back up an Obyte wallet, available as a light app for desktop and mobile. Next, in the “Receive” section, you can click “Get Me Coins” to buy some GBYTEs, needed for transaction fees —you’ll need around $0.00001 per transaction. There are other ways to buy GBYTEs with traditional money, and you can consult them in this full guide. Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. At the top of this page, you should see “What to send,” and a list below. From that list, instead of any asset, select “Data into datafeed (searchable).” To advance further, your account needs to be of a single address. If it’s not, then you’ll need to switch to your already created single-address account or create a new one from the main menu (Add account – Plain Account – Single Address Account). All new accounts are single-address by default. Beyond this, you’ll only need to fill the values of your data feed (oracle) in any way you want, including a name/title, and a result/answer. For instance, the name could be “Mary’s task,” and the result could be “Done.” Press “Send,” type your password if required, and that’s it! A small transaction fee will be taken from your wallet, and the oracle will be published on the Obyte DAG, available for everyone to consult —including smart contracts. **  ** Creating your own oracle here is easy, fast, secure, and inexpensive. Now, if you know how to code and want to make it more advanced, you can always check our documentation to create an oracle from scratch. Featured Vector Image by Freepik Oracles are another interesting way to customize your experience in the Obyte ecosystem. They're like bridges that connect decentralized networks to the outside world. Distributed ledgers are excellent at securely storing and verifying data, but they can't access real-world information on their own. Oracles solve this by fetching data from external sources and feeding it into their system, enabling smart contracts to interact with real-world events, prices, and information. Oracles work by collecting data from various sources like APIs, websites, sensors, or other off-chain data providers. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it (e.g., this is an Obyte oracle address, identical to any other wallet address: I2ADHGP4HL6J37NQAD73J7E5SKFIXJOT). Some oracles use a decentralized approach where multiple data sources are used to ensure accuracy and prevent manipulation. This mechanism helps ensure that the data is trustworthy and tamper-proof. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it On the other hand, you can easily set up your own personal oracle (data feed) for your specific use case, or let it be created by a close party, like a member of your family or coworker. This way, the oracle can offer any personalized information you can count on to make transactions among your inner circle, or with business partners. In Obyte, it’s possible to create your own oracle in a few minutes, without coding or technical steps. Potential Uses The use cases for oracles are vast and varied. In finance, they can provide real-time price feeds for cryptocurrencies and traditional assets, enabling decentralized finance (DeFi) applications like lending, trading, and insurance. In supply chain management, oracles can track and verify the status of goods in transit. They can also be used in gaming to bring in real-world events to affect gameplay, or in weather forecasting to trigger payouts in weather-based insurance policies. As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. For instance, we can register the successful completion of a specific task by Alice (a daughter, a coworker, a partner, etc.). A conditional payment from the wallet could use this information to release funds automatically if we use that oracle address (the wallet address of the oracle operator) to create the smart contract (Chat – [Registered Contact] - Recipient’s address – Offer smart contract). As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. the smart contract the smart contract ** ** Human or customized oracles could also work for rewards in family tokens . For example, parents can create an oracle that tracks if specific tasks are completed by their children. A supervisor (such as a parent) can create an oracle by sending data into the Obyte DAG, such as a task's completion status. family tokens family tokens When a child completes a task, the supervisor updates the oracle with a value like "Yes." The family token system can then automatically trigger a reward, sending the predefined tokens from the family treasury to the child’s wallet as a reward for completing the task. The same principle could apply to anything you like to use it for. Steps without coding Steps without coding First of all, you’ll need to download and back up an Obyte wallet , available as a light app for desktop and mobile. Next, in the “Receive” section, you can click “ Get Me Coins ” to buy some GBYTEs, needed for transaction fees —you’ll need around $0.00001 per transaction. There are other ways to buy GBYTEs with traditional money, and you can consult them in this full guide . Obyte wallet Obyte wallet Get Me Coins Get Me Coins this full guide this full guide Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. At the top of this page, you should see “What to send,” and a list below. From that list, instead of any asset, select “Data into datafeed (searchable).” To advance further, your account needs to be of a single address. If it’s not, then you’ll need to switch to your already created single-address account or create a new one from the main menu (Add account – Plain Account – Single Address Account). All new accounts are single-address by default. Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. Beyond this, you’ll only need to fill the values of your data feed (oracle) in any way you want, including a name/title, and a result/answer. For instance, the name could be “Mary’s task,” and the result could be “Done.” Press “Send,” type your password if required, and that’s it! A small transaction fee will be taken from your wallet, and the oracle will be published on the Obyte DAG , available for everyone to consult —including smart contracts. Obyte DAG Obyte DAG ** ** Creating your own oracle here is easy, fast, secure, and inexpensive. Now, if you know how to code and want to make it more advanced, you can always check our documentation to create an oracle from scratch. our documentation our documentation Featured Vector Image by Freepik Featured Vector Image by Freepik Freepik Freepik

Educational Byte: How to and why create your own oracle on Obyte?

শিক্ষাগত বাইট: কীভাবে এবং কেন ওবাইটে আপনার নিজের ওরাকল তৈরি করবেন?

Bildungsbyte: Wie und warum erstellen Sie Ihr eigenes Orakel auf Obyte?

Byte educativo: ¿Cómo y por qué crear tu propio oráculo en Obyte?

Educational Byte : Comment et pourquoi créer son propre oracle sur Obyte ?

शैक्षिक बाइट: ओबाइट पर अपना स्वयं का ओरेकल कैसे और क्यों बनाएं?

教育バイト: Obyte で独自のオラクルを作成する方法とその理由

Educational Byte: Obyte에서 자신만의 오라클을 만드는 방법과 이유는 무엇입니까?

Byte Educacional: Como e por que criar seu próprio oráculo no Obyte?

Educational Byte: Как и зачем создать свой собственный оракул на Obyte?

Eğitim Baytı: Obyte'de kendi kehanetinizi nasıl ve neden yaratabilirsiniz?

Byte giáo dục: Làm thế nào và tại sao lại tạo oracle của riêng bạn trên Obyte?

教育字节：如何以及为什么在 Obyte 上创建自己的 oracle？

I was inspired to write this blog post after reading a paper called "The Oracle Problem — Why Decentralising Everything is More Difficult than it Sounds" by Victor Hogrefe. As the title suggests, Victor argues that there are no good solutions for handling oracles on the blockchain. It may have been true six years ago when the paper was written, so kudos to Victor for proposing some potential ones back then. However, what struck me the most was that the author failed to consider that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. In this post, I'll explain why it's actually "not that difficult" to decentralize everything and how this issue has already been solved with the help of decentralized oracles. But first, let's take a small step back and learn what oracles are exactly. The Role Of Oracles Smart contracts are designed in a way to provide deterministic results. Their job is to take input, execute logic, and modify the state of the blockchain irreversibly. But the majority of events still happen off-chain. Allowing smart contracts to interact with these events has always been a double-edged sword. On one hand, this significantly increases the potential blockchain use cases but on the other —  poses serious security risks and trust issues. Oracles are here to help. They act as a bridge between blockchains and the external world and enable smart contracts to execute code based on real-world events and conditions. For example, to be able to bet on the outcome of a tennis match between Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, you need a way to tell the smart contract who won. Since we don't live in the Metaverse yet, a smart contract can't know the outcome of the match — someone has to tell it who the winner is, so that the contract can payout to the winners. The big question is: who will be the one to tell the smart contract who won? We would need to trust this person or entity to be correct and honest... But wait a minute... Trust? That's not how things work in Web3. We don't want to trust. We want trustless. Decentralized Oracles In the original paper I mentioned in the beginning, the author overlooks the possibility of oracles being decentralized and is rather focused on discussing different algorithmic solutions, weaknesses, and potential attack vectors. What he doesn't consider is that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. Decentralized oracles, unlike the normal ones, rely on multiple independent nodes to fetch and validate information. This means there's no single point of failure, making it much harder to compromise the system. By using various mechanisms, such as multiple data sources, multiple oracles, or the need to have a stake in the system, decentralized oracles can prevent different sorts of malicious attacks, data corruption, or bribery. One such mechanism has been implemented by the UMA Protocol. UMA's Optimistic Oracles UMA is a leader in the oracles space, alongside Chainlink, which is the largest oracle protocol in the world. UMA's oracle system consists of two main components: the Optimistic Oracle and the Data Verification Mechanism (DVM). The principle is straightforward: anyone can submit an answer on-chain, and a dispute arises only if the answer is incorrect. The first layer of UMA's oracle system is the Optimistic Oracle. This layer is designed to quickly verify data optimistically, meaning that all submitted statements are true by default unless challenged. The second layer is the DVM (Data Verification Mechanism), which serves as a fallback for the Optimistic Oracle by resolving disputes if they occur. The entire system is efficient and cheap because it aims to prevent disputes in the first place. Here’s how it works: A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period.
A proposer posts a bond and submits the data.
If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back.
If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM.
UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. Use Cases Apart from the obvious use cases for oracles in DeFi, UMA's optimistic oracles offer much more flexibility, as practically anything can be submitted as a data point. Here are some projects that utilize UMA's Optimistic Oracles: Polymarket Polymarket is a decentralized predictions market, one of the most prominent DeFi apps lately. On Polymarket, you can place your bets on pretty much anything — from the winner of the Presidential Elections in 2024 to how many tweets Elon Musk will post this month Sherlock Sherlock is a risk management platform designed for DeFi. They run extensive DeFi audit contests where many security researchers compete for a bug bounty. Cozy Cosy is an open-source insurance protocol that allows users to provide and receive protection against predefined conditions, like a loss of funds or smart contract hacks. The use cases are quite diverse already and with the upcoming RWA narrative, the amount of projects using UMA's OOs will only get bigger. RWA Tokenization RWA tokenization is one of the most promising opportunities in crypto. It has the potential to unlock multi-trillion dollar markets and onboard millions of people into DeFi. Major institutions are launching tokenized funds, and the role of Oracles in this market is as important as it's ever been. Blackrock's BUIDL fund uses Chainlink to track real-world assets like US Treasury bill prices, dollar yields, etc. It allows investors to purchase tokens representing shares in the fund with "safe" assets and offers unmatched liquidity. As the sector grows, the demand for fast and accurate Oracle infrastructure and reliable data will grow significantly. Protocols like Chainlink, UMA, and Pyth are well-positioned to capture the majority of this market share. Conclusion We brought smart contracts to the world; now, it's time to bring the world into smart contracts. Allowing smart contracts to interact with the outside world seems like the next logical step in blockchain development. While DeFi remains one of the most promising and straightforward ways to onboard the next billion users, there are many ways in which oracles can be used: they can provide real-world data for various applications, from financial products and insurance to gaming and supply chain management. Decentralized oracles ensure that this data is accurate and trustworthy without relying on a single point of failure, opening a world of new possibilities for the technology. I was inspired to write this blog post after reading a paper called " The Oracle Problem — Why Decentralising Everything is More Difficult than it Sounds" by Victor Hogrefe. The Oracle Problem As the title suggests, Victor argues that there are no good solutions for handling oracles on the blockchain. It may have been true six years ago when the paper was written, so kudos to Victor for proposing some potential ones back then. good solutions However, what struck me the most was that the author failed to consider that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. In this post, I'll explain why it's actually "not that difficult" to decentralize everything and how this issue has already been solved with the help of decentralized oracles. But first, let's take a small step back and learn what oracles are exactly. The Role Of Oracles Smart contracts are designed in a way to provide deterministic results. Their job is to take input, execute logic, and modify the state of the blockchain irreversibly. But the majority of events still happen off-chain. Allowing smart contracts to interact with these events has always been a double-edged sword. On one hand, this significantly increases the potential blockchain use cases but on the other —  poses serious security risks and trust issues. Oracles are here to help. They act as a bridge between blockchains and the external world and enable smart contracts to execute code based on real-world events and conditions. For example, to be able to bet on the outcome of a tennis match between Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, you need a way to tell the smart contract who won. Since we don't live in the Metaverse yet, a smart contract can't know the outcome of the match — someone has to tell it who the winner is, so that the contract can payout to the winners. know The big question is: who will be the one to tell the smart contract who won? We would need to trust this person or entity to be correct and honest... But wait a minute... Trust? trust Trust? That's not how things work in Web3. We don't want to trust. We want trustless. trustless. Decentralized Oracles In the original paper I mentioned in the beginning, the author overlooks the possibility of oracles being decentralized and is rather focused on discussing different algorithmic solutions, weaknesses, and potential attack vectors. What he doesn't consider is that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. Decentralized oracles, unlike the normal ones, rely on multiple independent nodes to fetch and validate information. This means there's no single point of failure, making it much harder to compromise the system. By using various mechanisms, such as multiple data sources, multiple oracles, or the need to have a stake in the system, decentralized oracles can prevent different sorts of malicious attacks, data corruption, or bribery. One such mechanism has been implemented by the UMA Protocol. UMA's Optimistic Oracles UMA is a leader in the oracles space, alongside Chainlink, which is the largest oracle protocol in the world. UMA's oracle system consists of two main components: the Optimistic Oracle and the Data Verification Mechanism (DVM). The principle is straightforward: anyone can submit an answer on-chain, and a dispute arises only if the answer is incorrect. The first layer of UMA's oracle system is the Optimistic Oracle. This layer is designed to quickly verify data optimistically, meaning that all submitted statements are true by default unless challenged. The second layer is the DVM (Data Verification Mechanism), which serves as a fallback for the Optimistic Oracle by resolving disputes if they occur. The entire system is efficient and cheap because it aims to prevent disputes in the first place. Here’s how it works: A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period. A proposer posts a bond and submits the data. If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back. If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM. UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period. A proposer posts a bond and submits the data. If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back. If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM. UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. Use Cases Apart from the obvious use cases for oracles in DeFi, UMA's optimistic oracles offer much more flexibility, as practically anything can be submitted as a data point. anything Here are some projects that utilize UMA's Optimistic Oracles: Polymarket Polymarket is a decentralized predictions market, one of the most prominent DeFi apps lately. On Polymarket, you can place your bets on pretty much anything — from the winner of the Presidential Elections in 2024 to how many tweets Elon Musk will post this month Sherlock Sherlock is a risk management platform designed for DeFi. They run extensive DeFi audit contests where many security researchers compete for a bug bounty. Cozy Cosy is an open-source insurance protocol that allows users to provide and receive protection against predefined conditions, like a loss of funds or smart contract hacks. The use cases are quite diverse already and with the upcoming RWA narrative, the amount of projects using UMA's OOs will only get bigger. RWA Tokenization RWA tokenization is one of the most promising opportunities in crypto. It has the potential to unlock multi-trillion dollar markets and onboard millions of people into DeFi. Major institutions are launching tokenized funds, and the role of Oracles in this market is as important as it's ever been. Blackrock's BUIDL fund uses Chainlink to track real-world assets like US Treasury bill prices, dollar yields, etc. It allows investors to purchase tokens representing shares in the fund with " safe " assets and offers unmatched liquidity. safe As the sector grows, the demand for fast and accurate Oracle infrastructure and reliable data will grow significantly. Protocols like Chainlink, UMA, and Pyth are well-positioned to capture the majority of this market share. Conclusion We brought smart contracts to the world; now, it's time to bring the world into smart contracts. Allowing smart contracts to interact with the outside world seems like the next logical step in blockchain development. While DeFi remains one of the most promising and straightforward ways to onboard the next billion users, there are many ways in which oracles can be used: they can provide real-world data for various applications, from financial products and insurance to gaming and supply chain management. Decentralized oracles ensure that this data is accurate and trustworthy without relying on a single point of failure, opening a world of new possibilities for the technology.

The Oracle Solution: Why Decentralizing Everything Is Less Difficult Than it Sounds

ওরাকল সমাধান: কেন সবকিছুর বিকেন্দ্রীকরণ শোনার চেয়ে কম কঠিন

Die Oracle-Lösung: Warum die Dezentralisierung des Ganzen weniger schwierig ist, als es klingt

La solución de Oracle: por qué descentralizar todo es menos difícil de lo que parece

La solution Oracle : pourquoi tout décentraliser est moins difficile qu'il n'y paraît

ऑरेकल समाधान: सब कुछ विकेंद्रीकृत करना जितना लगता है उससे कम कठिन क्यों है

Oracle ソリューション: すべてを分散化することが思ったほど難しくない理由

Oracle 솔루션: 모든 것을 분산화하는 것이 생각보다 덜 어려운 이유

A solução Oracle: por que descentralizar tudo é menos difícil do que parece

Решение Oracle: почему децентрализация всего проще, чем кажется

Oracle Çözümü: Her Şeyi Merkezi Olmayan Hale Getirmek Neden Sanıldığından Daha Kolaydır?

Giải pháp của Oracle: Tại sao việc phân cấp mọi thứ lại ít khó khăn hơn bạn tưởng

预言机解决方案：为何去中心化一切并没有听起来那么困难

Step 1: Install the necessary libraries To connect to a database and query data, you need to install the following two libraries: pandas: A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data.
sqlalchemy: A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. You can install these libraries using the following command in the command prompt or terminal: pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy Step 2: Connect to the database Connecting to a database requires the following information: Database Type: The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.
Host Name: The host name or IP address where the database is located.
Port Number: The port number of the database, usually the default port number.
Username: The username required to connect to the database.
Password: The password required to connect to the database.
Database Name: The name of the database you want to connect to. You can use the following Python code to connect to the database: from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') Step 3: Query data using the read_sql function Use the read_sql function from pandas to query data from the database. The read_sql function requires two parameters: SQL Query: The SQL query you want to execute.
Database Connection: The database connection you created earlier. Here is an example of querying data: import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn or X(@Luca_DataTeam). Happy exploring!👋 Step 1: Install the necessary libraries To connect to a database and query data, you need to install the following two libraries: pandas: A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data. sqlalchemy: A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. pandas : A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data. pandas sqlalchemy : A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. sqlalchemy You can install these libraries using the following command in the command prompt or terminal: pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy Step 2: Connect to the database Connecting to a database requires the following information: Database Type: The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc. Host Name: The host name or IP address where the database is located. Port Number: The port number of the database, usually the default port number. Username: The username required to connect to the database. Password: The password required to connect to the database. Database Name: The name of the database you want to connect to. Database Type : The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc. Database Type Host Name : The host name or IP address where the database is located. Host Name Port Number : The port number of the database, usually the default port number. Port Number Username : The username required to connect to the database. Username Password : The password required to connect to the database. Password Database Name : The name of the database you want to connect to. Database Name You can use the following Python code to connect to the database: from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') Step 3: Query data using the read_sql function Use the read_sql function from pandas to query data from the database. The read_sql function requires two parameters: SQL Query: The SQL query you want to execute. Database Connection: The database connection you created earlier. SQL Query : The SQL query you want to execute. SQL Query Database Connection : The database connection you created earlier. Database Connection Here is an example of querying data: import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn or X (@Luca_DataTeam). Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn X

How to Connect to Oracle, MySql and PostgreSQL Databases Using Python

Introduction Proficiency in database management is an essential skill for data analysts. Oftentimes, colleagues from different departments need quick access to specific datasets, making the traditional method of exporting Excel files from databases inefficient and time-consuming. A more effective approach involves creating new user accounts in the database and granting them appropriate viewing rights. This allows colleagues to seamlessly connect to the database using tools like Power BI or Power Query, enabling them to access necessary data tables promptly and efficiently. This streamlined process fosters collaboration and supports decision-making across organizational departments. data-driven Creating a new user To create a new user in the Oracle database, you can execute the following SQL command: CREATE USER 'USERNAME' IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD'; For example: CREATE USER TEST_USER IDENTIFIED BY TEST123; Granting the Connect Role After creating a new user, attempting to connect may result in an error message: [72000][1045] ORA-01045: user TEST_USER lacks CREATE SESSION privilege; logon denied To enable the user to connect to the database, you must grant the CONNECT role: GRANT CONNECT TO TEST_USER; Merely connecting is not enough - make sure to grant the RESOURCE privilege to allow access to the tables. GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO TEST_USER; Table privilege To grant specific privileges on tables to a user, you can utilize the GRANT command on specific table TO user. For example: GRANT SELECT ON schema.table_name TO TEST_USER; If you wish to provide the user with options beyond selection, such as insertion, updating, and deletion, you may proceed with the execution of the following command. GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON schema.table_name TO TEST_USER; Delete a user To remove a user from the database, you can execute the following SQL command: DROP USER TEST_USER; Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on or (@Luca_DataTeam). You can also catch glimpses of my personal life on , Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn X Instagram Also published . here

Database Management: Creating and Granting User Access in Oracle

Using Python to Save a Dataframe into Oracle Database You can use the library in combination with the and libraries to save a dataframe to an Oracle database in Python. pandas sqlalchemy cx_Oracle import pandas as pd
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
import cx_Oracle

# Create an SQLAlchemy engine using the connection
engine = create_engine('oracle://username:password@hostname:port/service_name')

# Save the dataframe to the Oracle database and lowercase your_table_name 
df.to_sql('your_table_name', con=engine, if_exists='replace', index=False) Replace , , , , and with your actual Oracle database credentials and connection details. 'username' 'password' 'hostname' 'port' 'service_name' Please replace with the actual lowercase name of the table in your Oracle database. Otherwise, you may encounter . your_table_name InvalidRequestError: Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available in Engine When you run this script, it will establish a connection to the database, create a sample dataframe, and then save the dataframe to the specified table in the Oracle database. Oracle Make sure the table structure has been created in the database before proceeding. Option 1: Create Table Structure using SQL Keep in mind that you will need to create the table structure in the Oracle database before attempting to save the dataframe to it. The table structure should match the structure of the dataframe in terms of column names and data types. You can create the table structure in your Oracle database using SQL. Here's an example of how you might create a table in Oracle to match the structure of your dataframe: CREATE TABLE your_table_name (
    column1_name  column1_data_type,
    column2_name  column2_data_type,
    ...
); Option 2: Create Table Structure using Python You can run the SQL script in Python using the method provided by the SQLAlchemy library. Here's an example of how you can execute an SQL script after creating the engine: engine.execute() from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Create an engine
engine = create_engine('oracle://username:password@hostname:port/database_name')

# SQL script to create a table
sql_script =
CREATE TABLE your_table_name (
    column1_name  column1_data_type,
    column2_name  column2_data_type,
    ...
);

# Execute the SQL script
with engine.connect() as connection:
    connection.execute(sql_script) Make sure to replace , , , etc., with your actual table and column names and data types. your_table_name column1_name column1_data_type Conclusion Once the table structure is in place, you can then use the method I mentioned earlier to save the dataframe to the Oracle database. The method will automatically insert the data from the dataframe into the existing table in the database as long as the column names and data types match. to_sql Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on . Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn

Saving Dataframes into Oracle Database with Python

Most modern DBMSs (Database Management System) are relational, i.e., they represent in the form of a two—dimensional table in which there are rows (records) and columns (fields of records). But in practice, we often come across a different data organization, namely hierarchical. data Hierarchical queries are an important tool in the field of data management, allowing you to work effectively with hierarchical data structures such as organizational trees, category trees, genealogical structures, etc. These queries play a key role in identifying relationships between data and extracting information in the form of tree structures. The problem is that data with a hierarchical structure is very poorly represented in the relational model. The SQL-92 standard does not have the means to process them. But such tools appeared in the SQL-1999 standard. However, by that time, Oracle already had its own operator. Despite this, in SQL 1999, the syntax of recursive queries is completely different from the syntax in Oracle and uses the keyword. The implementation of recursive queries in other DBMS is somewhat late, so it appeared in only in version 2005. CONNECT BY CONNECT BY WITH MS SQL Server As well as in syntax, there are differences in terminology. In Oracle, commonly discussed queries are called “hierarchical,” while all others are “recursive.” The essence of this does not change; I will use both. In this article, we will focus on the consideration of hierarchical queries in two popular database management systems - Oracle and PostgreSQL. Both platforms have unique features and approaches to processing hierarchical data, and our introduction to them will allow the reader to better understand the context of their application. A hierarchical structure can be represented as a set of nodes, where each node is connected to one or more nodes at a higher level. Important terms include parents, children, leaves, and roots. Examples of hierarchical structures include company organizational trees, family family trees, category trees in online stores, class hierarchies in educational institutions, and more. Implementation in Oracle For demonstration, we will use a test employee table consisting of 3 fields: – ID, id - is the name of the employee, name - is the ID of the manager (refers to the ID of another record in the same table) manager_id create table test_employees (
	id number primary key,	
	name varchar2(32),
	manager_id number
); Let's fill the table with test data according to the following tree: insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (1, 'Henry Anderson', null);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (2, 'Julia Miller', 1);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (3, 'Mark White', 1);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (4, 'Paul Scott', 2);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (5, 'Daniel Hill', 2);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (6, 'Maria Lopez', 3);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (7, 'Monika Moore', 3);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (8, 'Alex Smith', 4);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (9, 'Brandon Brown', 4);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (10, 'Elizabeth Jackson', 5);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (11, 'Kevin Green', 6);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (12, 'Jessica Johnson', 7);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (13, 'Lisa Williams', 7);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (14, 'Angela Martinez', 7); In Oracle, hierarchical queries appeared in version 8, long before the standard appeared. Therefore, a completely different syntax is still used. The optional operator tells the Oracle where to start the loop, i.e. which row (or strings) will be the root. The condition can be almost anything, you can even use functions or internal queries: , or , or even . START WITH manager_id is null manager_id = 1 name like 'Henry%' The operator is required. It establishes a relationship between the parent and child elements of the hierarchy. In the condition of the operator, it is absolutely necessary to use the unary operator, which refers to the previous record. CONNECT BY CONNECT BY PRIOR How does it work? Oracle finds the first record that satisfies the condition in , and starts looking for the next one. At the same time, that first entry can be accessed via . If we did everything correctly, then Oracle will search for records in which the field for storing information about the parent ( ) will contain a value equal to the id of our first record. START WITH PRIOR manager_id This way, all descendants of the root record will be found. And since the process is recursive, a similar search will continue with each row found until all the descendants are found. It is also possible to use the rownum pseudo column, in which the rows are numbered starting from 1 in the order in which they are issued. And the pseudo-column , which shows the level in the hierarchy, will also be very useful to us. So, the 1st record will have level 1, its descendants level 2, descendants of descendants - 3, etc. LEVEL select level, te.id, te.manager_id, te.name 
from test_employees te
start with te.manager_id is null
connect by prior te.id = te.manager_id
order siblings by te.id Using the keyword, we say that you need to sort only within one level of the hierarchy. This will become more clear if you remove all unnecessary fields in the request and add margins: siblings select lpad('     ', 3 * level) || te.name as Tree
from test_employees te
start with te.manager_id is null
connect by prior te.id = te.manager_id
order siblings by te.id TREE
   Henry Anderson
      Julia Miller
         Paul Scott
            Alex Smith
            Brandon Brown
         Daniel Hill
            Elizabeth Jackson
      Mark White
         Maria Lopez
            Kevin Green
         Monika Moore
            Jessica Johnson
            Lisa Williams
            Angela Martinez is a parameter for excluding cyclic references. Use this parameter along with the pseudocolumn to see which rows contain the loop. NOCYCLE CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Implementation in PostgreSQL We use the same test table. create table test_employees (
	id integer primary key,	
	name text,
	manager_id integer
); Queries to fill the table with data will look exactly the same as in Oracle. with recursive employees(id, manager_id, name) as (
	select te.id, te.manager_id, te.name
	from test_employees te
	where te.manager_id is null

	union all
	
	select te.id, te.manager_id, te.name
	from employees e, test_employees te
	where  te.manager_id = e.id
	)
select id, manager_id, name from employees e; Calculating a recursive query: The non-recursive part is calculated. For (but not ), duplicate rows are discarded. All remaining rows are included in the result of the recursive query and are also placed in a temporary worktable. The non-recursive part is an analog of for an oracle query. UNION UNION ALL START WITH While the worksheet is not empty, the following steps are repeated: The recursive part is calculated so that the recursive reference to the query itself refers to the current contents of the worksheet. For UNION (but not UNION ALL), duplicate rows and rows duplicating previously received ones are discarded. All remaining rows are included in the result of the recursive query and are also placed in a temporary intermediate table. The contents of the worktable are replaced with the contents of the intermediate table, and then the intermediate table is cleared. What are the other differences from the Oracle? There are no amenities like level, but they can be done on their own: with recursive employees(id, level, manager_id, name) as (
	select te.id, 1, te.manager_id, te.name
	from test_employees te
	where te.manager_id is null

	union all
	
	select te.id, e.level + 1, te.manager_id, te.name
	from employees e, test_employees te
	where  te.manager_id = e.id
	)
select id, level, manager_id, name from employees e; Recommendations for choosing between Oracle and PostgreSQL for hierarchical data The decision between Oracle and to process hierarchical data depends on a number of factors. PostgreSQL : If the data structure is a complex hierarchy with a large number of nesting levels, Oracle can provide more efficient query execution due to its optimized implementation. Data structure In the case of large enterprises with high performance and support requirements, Oracle can provide a complete set of tools and functionality to handle complex hierarchies. The scale of the project: Open source-oriented PostgreSQL may be a more flexible solution for projects that need the freedom to adapt to changes in hierarchical data. Flexibility and extensibility: In general, the capabilities of PostgreSQL are about the same as in Oracle, although, in my opinion, it is a little less convenient and transparent.

Hierarchical Queries: Comparative Analysis in Oracle and PostgreSQL

Joey looked out his front window, contemplating Coit Tower. He thought of Artie who had changed his life forever on the crookest street in the world. It felt like a dream when he thought back. Was that day real when he met Artie on this curvy brick street? No matter how unreal those times seemed now, he knew they had happened. His very expensive house on the exclusive brick section of Lombard Street was proof for sure. When Artie gifted him this incredible view of the bay, Joey’s life was forever changed. In the thirty-plus years he had been there, a day did not pass he did not think of and thank Artie for the view. He had met Artie in North Beach. Artie was from out of town. Joey found his British accent charming. Artie had a room at the Fairmont atop Nob Hill while Joey was renting a flat in the basement of an ancient building. Joey’s mind wandered to joyful times spent gallivanting up and down Nob Hill. Artie was a successful writer who traveled the world. Joey and Artie fell deeply in love during those halcyon days. Artie was just in San Francisco for a summer conference. Joey was surprised to hear him say he lived in Sri Lanka. However, any time he was on the West Coast he would come to San Francisco to visit Joey. The last time had been back in 1993. “Joey come visit me on Lombard Street,” said Artie on the telephone “Lombard Street. You are not staying on Nob Hill anymore?” Joey asked. “No, I am over on Lombard Street, 1040 Lombard Street. Come on over Joey I have a surprise for you.” Artie’s voice was pregnant with mystery. Joey was on the most crooked street in the world within the hour. The front window looked out on the bay. He could see the Oakland Bay Bridge and Treasure Island in the distance. San Francisco was an especially magical place back in those days. A place where a poor kid from Turlock might be gifted a dream home on a magical street in a magical city. “What!?” Joey was incredulous that such a gift could be given or would be given. He loved Artie and Artie loved him. Yes, they had a special bond, but a house seemed like too much. “I don’t have any money for a down payment Artie? I cannot afford the mortgage payment even if I did.” “It doesn’t matter Joey. I am giving it to you. It is already paid for. I just have to put the deed in your name,” Artie explained calmly. “I don’t understand. Why?” Joey asked Joey’s revelry was broken when he noticed some rather large SUVs parked in the street. He did not recognize them. Ever since the street had been closed to vehicles other than locals, strange autos on the brick road were conspicuous. Eight men in dark suits exited the vehicles as Joey watched. “NSA!” The men shouted at Joey They surrounded Joey. He was hustled through his front door. Within seconds they were in his living room. “We are here to deliver this,” said one of the suits. He thrust an envelope into Joey’s hand. No one had shown Joey any ID, but he had seen weapons. Joey was unsure what to do. He sat for a moment and then opened the envelope. In it, he found a note in a strange language. A language he never thought he would actually need, Harrapan. Artie had taught Joey Harrapan all those years ago. He had never heard anyone speak about the language. It was a mystery to Joey why Artie had been so adamant that Joey learn the language as part of getting the deed to the house. “This IS the mortgage Joey and mortgages aren’t easy to pay,” Artie explained. Now Joey was looking at a note partially written in Harrapan. The English language portion of the note was about the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was not unfamiliar with the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was a big science fiction buff. He had read Asimov’s Foundation series multiple times. He particularly loved Arthur C. Clarke’s Childhood’s End story. He recalled the stories about how Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov developed an amicable rivalry. It was legendary within science–fiction fandom. The rivalry eventually led to the Clarke–Asimov Treaty. The Clarke–Asimov Treaty stated that each author would refer to the other as the world’s greatest writer in his specialty — and refer to himself as merely second–best. Under these terms, Asimov would crown Clarke as the best science–fiction author ever, while Clarke would anoint Asimov as the greatest science writer. Of course, each could publicly crown himself a close second to the other. The two reputedly created the pact during a shared cab ride. The only time either acknowledged this treaty was in Clarke’s dedication to his book, Report on Planet Three. In that book, Clarke wrote: “In accordance with the terms of the Clarke–Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.” Joey always wondered if his “friend” Artie was THE Arthur C. Clarke. He sure looked like all of the photos…kind of. Artie was a big fan of those early writers of science fiction. Artie used to always talk about how coincidental it was that Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein had worked at the Philadelphia Naval Yard during World War II. He hinted at some top-secret work Asimov had been exposed to during World War II. Sometimes if he drank a little too much he would say Asimov told Arthur C. Clarke something “special” about the Philadelphia Experiment. In the morning though, he would deny or claim to remember nothing. Joey often asked him about UFOs. Artie would laugh. “Aliens”, he would say with a chuckle, “We don’t need no stinking aliens!” “Well?” asked one of the suits who was not pointing a gun at him startling him from his reflections on the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey looked up. There were three other large men holding large assault weapons aimed in his direction. He felt scared. He struggled to remember anything Arthur had taught him in Harrapan. “I cann…can’t remember,” he pleaded. The suit in front of Joey raised his hand. Joey cowered fearing he was about to be struck. The suit signaled for his compatriots to lower their weapons. “Don’t be afraid. We’re here from your government,” he explained softly. “Don’t worry. My name is Jack. We are with the NSA. You are not in trouble. We just need your help,” he continued. Joey looked like a deer in headlights. He stared at the symbols on the piece of paper. His mind went back to his days with Artie. He remembered Artie talking about the language of a long-lost ancient civilization. The Harrapan script was a mix of letters, but also of glyphs which meant a whole word or concept. He remembered Artie trying to teach him, but the fact that some symbols were whole words while others were simply letters was difficult to tease out of the text. “Look, my name is John Stick. We are with the NSA. We need you to read this text in the native tongue. Intelligence reports you may be the only person on the planet who can read this piece of paper and speak the phrase in the native tongue,” explained the suit as he flashed an official-looking identification card. “What? Why me? I cannot read this,” Joey said weakly. “ I cannot speak Harrapan.” “Harrapan! Yes, that is exactly what you need to do,” shouted the suit named John excitedly. Joey’s mind raced. The symbols did look familiar somehow. He thought about Artie. He smiled. The two had many beautiful moments on the beaches around San Francisco. Joey heard himself whisper, “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” “That’s it!” shouted a woman with a small device in her hand. Suddenly, windows started breaking in the front of the house. It was not just the windows. Everything was breaking. The room was being peppered with bullets. “Vykhod!” The man who called himself John Stick ordered and directed. Everyone moved to the back of the house except Joey. All of the suits and the woman fled out the back as soon as there was a moment of silence. Joey just laid behind his couch shaking as he watched them run to his garage. “FBI! FBI! Hands up. Hands up. Show yourself now or be shot!” There were many loud voices and orders being shouted. “He’s here. He’s here! Joey stood up from behind the couch cautiously. He touched his chest and other parts of his body incredulous there was no blood or injury. He started to cry. “You are not hurt! What did you tell them?” “Tell who? They were the NSA,” Joey defended the fact he had translated the note. He didn’t know who was who anymore. “Look. I am Paul Jerome from the FBI,” said a tall red-haired man with a beard. “Those people were not from the NSA. They were Russians. They blew up the Georgia Guide stones last year.” “Really?” Joey was now interested because he had wondered why these had been blown up. He had planned on visiting them last year while making his annual trip to visit his father in South Carolina. However, traffic in Atlanta had been bad so he skipped the trip. A month later, they were partially blown up and then mysteriously demolished with heavy equipment by local authorities within hours. “Yes, the Russians were looking for the time capsule underneath the guide stones.” “Did they find it?” Joey asked inquisitively “Yes, and that note they gave you was what was in it! We need you to tell us what you read there. Your voice and your voice alone can decode the video squirreled away somewhere on the Ethereum blockchain. The location of the fabled Black Pyramid of the Urals is revealed in the video. This is the real reason for the War in Ukraine. Allegedly, the Ukrainians somehow discovered the location of this ancient structure and discovered its secrets. The Black Pyramid contains a cache of ancient technology. This technology is capable of generating enormous power. These are essentially weapons of mass destruction…in the eyes of many.” Alarm bells went off in his head. He knew he must cooperate or end up in Guantanamo. The next words confirmed this for him. “This is a matter of NATIONAL SECURITY Joseph,” the FBI agent said matter-of-factly. “You are the ‘oracle’. Your voiceprint of this message will complete the smart contract and release the video.” “Yessir,” Joey responded obediently. “It was Harrapan sir. This is what I said.” Joey paused and then said “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” He spoke directly into the device thrust into his face. Also published here.

Oracle on Lombard Street: The Harrapan Revelation

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