The meaning of KEEP COMPANY WITH is to spend time with (someone) —sometimes used figuratively. How to use keep company with in a sentence.

Keep company with Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

KEEP SOMEONE COMPANY meaning: 1. to stay with someone so that they are not alone: 2. to stay with someone so that they are not…. Learn more.

KEEP SOMEONE COMPANY definition | Cambridge English Dictionary

Costco sells its rotisserie chickens for $4.99 -- making it one of the best buys at the warehouse club. Learn why Costco prices its rotisserie chickens so low.

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Keep

keep

Good day! My name is Robert. I work for and today I'm sharing some things I think other people would love to know about the Google Keep app. Zoo Web Designs Take A Voice Memo You can take notes on the app using just your voice! Just tap on the microphone icon to speak your note. Keep will both transcribe and record everything you say so even if Google misses some words, you'll still have your voice recording. Transcribe Photo To Text If you import a photo with text on it, Keep can grab that text. When you tap on the photo, you should see a three-dot menu icon in the top right corner. You can then select "Grab image text". Draw On Photos You can use Keep to highlight, color, and draw on your photos. Either import or take a photo then select the paintbrush icon. All you need to do is select your pen style and draw on your photo without affecting the original file. Sync Your Notes with Docs On Your PC Keep is fully integrated with Google's office suite. If you have a file open in Docs or Slides, tap the Keep logo in the sidebar at the right to see a list of your saved notes. Tap a file top open it. You can then copy, cut, or edit anything that's on it. It will automatically sync! If you want to create a Google document out of a note, hold your finger on the note and select "Copy to Google Docs". Collaborate With A Friend Or Colleague It's pretty easy to invite someone to collaborate. Go to the settings sidebar and enable sharing. When you're in a note, tap on the three-dot menu at the bottom and select "Collaborator". You will then be able to select anyone from your address book to link your note with their app. Whenever someone edits it, the other collaborators get notified. Get The Chrome Extension Downloading Keep's extension on the chrome web store will put a small icon next to your address bar which will provide a direct link to your account. By clicking on it, you can save URLs, photos, text, and even take notes while you're using the browser! Use Labels, Colors, Pins For Organization When you long press a note on Keep, it will bring up a series of options to organize your notes. You can color-code, pin, or label your notes! Set A Time or Location Reminder Did you know you could actually turn your note into a reminder? All you need to do is tap the bell icon and it will allow you to set a reminder for a date and time or a location!

10 Things You Didn't Know You Could Do With Google Keep

How Logical Clocks Keep Distributed Systems in Sync

Any business, regardless of industry, has access to large amounts of personal and sensitive data. This data can include everything from customer information like shipping addresses and credit card data to employee health care details. No matter how solid you think your data privacy protection may be, cybersecurity attacks are always possible. Even the most prominent companies, such as AT&T and Dell, experienced massive data breaches in 2024. Fortunately, there are numerous tools that brands can leverage to keep their data safe. Consider implementing these five tech tools to ensure your business is safe and secure from cyber threats. Integrated Security Solutions When protecting your business, it’s best to take a comprehensive approach with an integrated security solution. One example is to utilize an endpoint protection platform or EPP. This platform uses a firewall, anti-malware capabilities, and port and device control to help protect your business. Unlike antivirus software, an EPP allows you to control what is allowed to run on your endpoints and servers. You can select the specific software, executables, and scripts that may run at any given time. With these controls in place, the EPP allows you to stop malicious software from running and minimize cyber threats. Multi-Factor Authentication Passwords are a common and secure way to keep your data and personal information safe. Yet, 78% of people use the same password across multiple accounts, making password protection less reliable. That’s where multi-factor authentication, or MFA, can come into play. MFA is an extra layer of security that protects your online data by requiring more than just a password. You may receive a prompt to enter a code sent to your phone or answer a secret question. With this extra step, MFA can prevent unauthorized access and make it harder for hackers to break into your software. From a business perspective, MFAs protect organizational data such as employee addresses and banking information. You may also use it to access secure third-party sites for your business, including cloud-based management tools and connected workspaces. Virtual Private Networks With remote and hybrid work becoming more mainstream, it’s rare to find employees tied to their office desks. They’re sending work emails from practically anywhere and logging onto workplace software, too. You might consider requiring a virtual private network, or VPN, to keep your network secure. It’s a safer route than using public Wi-Fi from a local coffee shop! A VPN establishes a digital connection between a device and a remote server. While using a VPN, the user’s data and IP address are encrypted. Any online searches, downloads, or visited pages go through the VPN before being sent to the internet service provider. This data then appears to come from the VPN, making it difficult for hackers to locate and track users online. Firewalls As the name implies, a firewall acts like a barrier. It monitors traffic to and from your website and blocks traffic based on a predetermined set of criteria. A firewall can protect your business from malicious software, spyware, malware, and other threats. Proxy firewalls, sometimes known as gateway firewalls, application firewalls, or proxy servers,  are often considered the most secure. They filter messages and data exchanges between a user and the sites they are accessing. Businesses can implement proxy firewalls to analyze traffic and mask internal network details. They help create a barrier between your company’s internal network and the internet, protecting against hackers and cyber threats. A firewall can also protect your employees and their workplace devices, ensuring that only approved devices may access sensitive information. For example, only a few select individuals at your company should have access to employee social security numbers. Adding a firewall to specific workplace devices will ensure that only these people can obtain access at any time. Data Encryption Tools Lastly, your business might consider using data encryption to protect data from being altered, compromised, or stolen. This tool scrambles data into a secret code that can no longer be read or understood. A unique digital key is required to unlock this code. This digital key should remain secure, with only a few individuals from your company allowed access. Data encryption falls into two main buckets: symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption, also known as a shared key algorithm, uses a single key to encrypt the plaintext and decipher ciphertext. The sender and the receiver have access to the same key. Asymmetric encryption requires both a public and a private key. It offers a second layer of security, which tends to make the encryption harder to break. In addition to preventing stored data corruption and ensuring data authenticity, data encryption facilitates secure file sharing within your business. Implementing secure file sharing may be advantageous in protecting your company from a data breach. Even if the hacker gains access to your business network, they won’t be able to decipher the encrypted data. Conclusion As the world becomes more hyper-connected, it opens up the possibility for more collaborations, interconnectivity, and, unfortunately, more cyberattacks. While embracing the digital landscape is essential, finding a solution to address your business’s security is just as important. Any business, regardless of industry, has access to large amounts of personal and sensitive data. This data can include everything from customer information like shipping addresses and credit card data to employee health care details. No matter how solid you think your data privacy protection may be, cybersecurity attacks are always possible. Even the most prominent companies, such as AT&T and Dell, experienced massive data breaches in 2024. Fortunately, there are numerous tools that brands can leverage to keep their data safe. Consider implementing these five tech tools to ensure your business is safe and secure from cyber threats. Integrated Security Solutions When protecting your business, it’s best to take a comprehensive approach with an integrated security solution. One example is to utilize an endpoint protection platform or EPP. This platform uses a firewall, anti-malware capabilities, and port and device control to help protect your business. endpoint protection platform Unlike antivirus software, an EPP allows you to control what is allowed to run on your endpoints and servers. You can select the specific software, executables, and scripts that may run at any given time. With these controls in place, the EPP allows you to stop malicious software from running and minimize cyber threats. Multi-Factor Authentication Passwords are a common and secure way to keep your data and personal information safe. Yet, 78% of people use the same password across multiple accounts, making password protection less reliable. That’s where multi-factor authentication, or MFA, can come into play. MFA is an extra layer of security that protects your online data by requiring more than just a password. You may receive a prompt to enter a code sent to your phone or answer a secret question. 78% of people With this extra step, MFA can prevent unauthorized access and make it harder for hackers to break into your software. From a business perspective, MFAs protect organizational data such as employee addresses and banking information. You may also use it to access secure third-party sites for your business, including cloud-based management tools and connected workspaces. Virtual Private Networks With remote and hybrid work becoming more mainstream, it’s rare to find employees tied to their office desks. They’re sending work emails from practically anywhere and logging onto workplace software, too. You might consider requiring a virtual private network, or VPN, to keep your network secure. It’s a safer route than using public Wi-Fi from a local coffee shop! A VPN establishes a digital connection between a device and a remote server. While using a VPN, the user’s data and IP address are encrypted. Any online searches, downloads, or visited pages go through the VPN before being sent to the internet service provider. This data then appears to come from the VPN, making it difficult for hackers to locate and track users online. Firewalls As the name implies, a firewall acts like a barrier. It monitors traffic to and from your website and blocks traffic based on a predetermined set of criteria. A firewall can protect your business from malicious software, spyware, malware, and other threats. Proxy firewalls, sometimes known as gateway firewalls, application firewalls, or proxy servers,  are often considered the most secure. They filter messages and data exchanges between a user and the sites they are accessing. Businesses can implement proxy firewalls to analyze traffic and mask internal network details. They help create a barrier between your company’s internal network and the internet, protecting against hackers and cyber threats. A firewall can also protect your employees and their workplace devices, ensuring that only approved devices may access sensitive information. For example, only a few select individuals at your company should have access to employee social security numbers. Adding a firewall to specific workplace devices will ensure that only these people can obtain access at any time. Data Encryption Tools Lastly, your business might consider using data encryption to protect data from being altered, compromised, or stolen. This tool scrambles data into a secret code that can no longer be read or understood. A unique digital key is required to unlock this code. This digital key should remain secure, with only a few individuals from your company allowed access. Data encryption falls into two main buckets: symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption, also known as a shared key algorithm, uses a single key to encrypt the plaintext and decipher ciphertext. The sender and the receiver have access to the same key. Asymmetric encryption requires both a public and a private key. It offers a second layer of security, which tends to make the encryption harder to break. In addition to preventing stored data corruption and ensuring data authenticity, data encryption facilitates secure file sharing within your business. Implementing secure file sharing may be advantageous in protecting your company from a data breach. Even if the hacker gains access to your business network, they won’t be able to decipher the encrypted data. Conclusion As the world becomes more hyper-connected, it opens up the possibility for more collaborations, interconnectivity, and, unfortunately, more cyberattacks. While embracing the digital landscape is essential, finding a solution to address your business’s security is just as important.

5 Tech Tools To Keep Your Business Secure in a Hyper-Connected World

5 тэхнічных інструментаў для забеспячэння бяспекі вашага бізнесу ў звышсувязным свеце

5 технически инструмента, за да запазите бизнеса си сигурен в свръхсвързан свят

5 herramientas tecnológicas para mantener su negocio seguro en un mundo hiperconectado

5 tresna teknologikoak zure negozioa seguru mantentzeko mundu hiperkonektatu batean

ハイパーコネクテッドな世界でビジネスを安全に保つ 5 つのテクノロジーツール

5 टेक उपकरणहरू हाइपर-जडित संसारमा तपाईंको व्यवसाय सुरक्षित राख्न

5 Didirišwa tša Theknolotši tša go Boloka Kgwebo ya Gago e Šireletšegile Lefaseng leo le Kgokagantšwego ka go Feteletša

5 narzędzi technologicznych, które zapewnią bezpieczeństwo Twojej firmie w hiperpołączonym świecie

5 Tecnología Herramientakuna Negocioykita Hiper-T’inkisqa pachapi Seguro kananpaq

5 техничких алата за сигурност вашег пословања у хиперповезаном свету

ஹைப்பர்-இணைக்கப்பட்ட உலகில் உங்கள் வணிகத்தைப் பாதுகாப்பாக வைத்திருக்க 5 தொழில்நுட்பக் கருவிகள்

5 Công cụ công nghệ giúp doanh nghiệp của bạn an toàn trong thế giới siêu kết nối

Have you ever asked someone a question like, "How are you so confident?" only to get a response like, "It just happens, you just get confident, you know?" 🤷 But clearly, they don’t know what they’re talking about. They might be confident unconsciously, but unable to break down how they got there. Here’s the truth: Confidence is a skill, just like any other trait you admire. Whether it’s patience, resilience, or success, these are all skills you can learn. And just being told "Be like James" isn't exactly useful advice. Instead, ask yourself: “What does James do that makes him patient?” List the behaviors. If you don’t know, reverse it—list the things that make you impatient and do the opposite. This approach works for almost anything. Instead of trying to be "successful" (a vague idea), avoid the behaviors that lead to failure, and success will follow. Why I Created Redefyne Dictionary definitions can be tricky—they don’t always tell us how to apply words in real life. That's why I created Redefyne, a platform where we redefine words based on action—what to do. Inspired by Alex Hormozi’s advice to define concepts through action steps, Redefyne takes abstract ideas like confidence, patience, and love, and turns them into practical steps you can use in everyday life. Instead of a dictionary, think of Redefyne as an Operationary—a guide that tells you what actions lead to the traits you want. A Glimpse Into Redefyne’s Words I've already begun populating Redefyne with definitions that make sense in real life. Here are some words I’ve redefined over the last two weeks: Here are the Merriam-Webster and Oxford Languages (dictionary used in google search) definitions for each word. Compare them and let me know which works best for you: 1. Difficult Merriam-Webster: "Hard to do, make, or carry out: arduous." Oxford: "Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand." Redefyne - Operationary: 2. Truth Merriam-Webster: "The body of real things, events, and facts: actuality." Oxford: "The quality or state of being true." Redefyne - Operationary: 3. Resilience Merriam-Webster: "An ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change." Oxford: "The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness." Redefyne - Operationary: 4. Power Merriam-Webster: "Ability to act or produce an effect." Oxford: "The ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way." Redefyne - Operationary: 5. Straight Merriam-Webster: "Free from curves, bends, angles, or irregularities." Oxford: "Extending or moving uniformly in one direction only; without a curve or bend." Redefyne - Operationary: 6. Love Merriam-Webster: "Strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties." Oxford: "An intense feeling of deep affection." Redefyne - Operationary: 7. Patience Merriam-Webster: "The capacity, habit, or fact of being patient." Oxford: "The capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious." Redefyne - Operationary: 8. Sadness Merriam-Webster: "Affected with or expressive of grief or unhappiness." Oxford: "The condition or quality of being sad." Redefyne - Operationary: 9. Commitment Merriam-Webster: "An agreement or pledge to do something in the future." Oxford: "The state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc." Redefyne - Operationary: 10. Trustworthy Merriam-Webster: "Worthy of confidence: dependable." Oxford: "Able to be relied on as honest or truthful." Redefyne - Operationary: Each definition breaks down abstract words into practical steps. These aren’t just meanings—they're actions you can take. How Redefyne Changed My Life For me, Redefyne has been transformative. Understanding that every trait I want to develop is within reach as long as I adjust my behaviors has changed my life. Redefyne is a tool you can use to make those same changes. Building Redefyne for the Future I’m adding new words every day, building features, and aiming to hit 100 definitions by next week. The platform will continue to grow with more functionalities and contributions from the community. Join the Redefyne Community Redefyne is completely free—no costs, no daily limits, no BS. You can check out our community here: t.me/redefyne. Try out the demo at: redefyne.onrender.com Join us and help shape a more practical way to learn and grow. Have you ever asked someone a question like, "How are you so confident?" only to get a response like, "It just happens, you just get confident, you know?" 🤷 Have you ever asked someone a question like, "How are you so confident?" only to get a response like, "It just happens, you just get confident, you know?" 🤷 But clearly, they don’t know what they’re talking about. They might be confident unconsciously, but unable to break down how they got there. Here’s the truth: Confidence is a skill, just like any other trait you admire. Whether it’s patience, resilience, or success, these are all skills you can learn. And just being told "Be like James" isn't exactly useful advice. Instead, ask yourself: “What does James do that makes him patient?” List the behaviors. If you don’t know, reverse it—list the things that make you impatient and do the opposite. This approach works for almost anything. Instead of trying to be "successful" (a vague idea), avoid the behaviors that lead to failure, and success will follow. Why I Created Redefyne Why I Created Redefyne Dictionary definitions can be tricky—they don’t always tell us how to apply words in real life. That's why I created Redefyne, a platform where we redefine words based on action—what to do. Inspired by Alex Hormozi’s advice to define concepts through action steps, Redefyne takes abstract ideas like confidence, patience, and love, and turns them into practical steps you can use in everyday life. Instead of a dictionary, think of Redefyne as an Operationary—a guide that tells you what actions lead to the traits you want. A Glimpse Into Redefyne’s Words A Glimpse Into Redefyne’s Words I've already begun populating Redefyne with definitions that make sense in real life. Here are some words I’ve redefined over the last two weeks: Here are the Merriam-Webster and Oxford Languages (dictionary used in google search) definitions for each word. Compare them and let me know which works best for you: 1. Difficult Difficult Merriam-Webster: "Hard to do, make, or carry out: arduous." Oxford: "Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand." Redefyne - Operationary: 2. Truth Truth Merriam-Webster: "The body of real things, events, and facts: actuality." Oxford: "The quality or state of being true." Redefyne - Operationary: 3. Resilience Resilience Merriam-Webster: "An ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change." Oxford: "The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness." Redefyne - Operationary: 4. Power Power Merriam-Webster: "Ability to act or produce an effect." Oxford: "The ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way." Redefyne - Operationary: 5. Straight Straight Merriam-Webster: "Free from curves, bends, angles, or irregularities." Oxford: "Extending or moving uniformly in one direction only; without a curve or bend." Redefyne - Operationary: 6. Love Love Merriam-Webster: "Strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties." Oxford: "An intense feeling of deep affection." Redefyne - Operationary: 7. Patience Patience Merriam-Webster: "The capacity, habit, or fact of being patient." Oxford: "The capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious." Redefyne - Operationary: 8. Sadness Sadness Merriam-Webster: "Affected with or expressive of grief or unhappiness." Oxford: "The condition or quality of being sad." Redefyne - Operationary: 9. Commitment Commitment Merriam-Webster: "An agreement or pledge to do something in the future." Oxford: "The state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc." Redefyne - Operationary: 10. Trustworthy Trustworthy Merriam-Webster: "Worthy of confidence: dependable." Oxford: "Able to be relied on as honest or truthful." Redefyne - Operationary: Each definition breaks down abstract words into practical steps. These aren’t just meanings—they're actions you can take. How Redefyne Changed My Life How Redefyne Changed My Life For me, Redefyne has been transformative. Understanding that every trait I want to develop is within reach as long as I adjust my behaviors has changed my life. Redefyne is a tool you can use to make those same changes. Building Redefyne for the Future Building Redefyne for the Future I’m adding new words every day, building features, and aiming to hit 100 definitions by next week. The platform will continue to grow with more functionalities and contributions from the community. Join the Redefyne Community Join the Redefyne Community Redefyne is completely free—no costs, no daily limits, no BS. You can check out our community here: t.me/redefyne. Try out the demo at: redefyne.onrender.com Join us and help shape a more practical way to learn and grow.

Don't Let Dictionaries Keep You Stuck: Understand and Conquer the World with Redefyne

Authors:
(1) Hamid Bateni, Nobitex Labs (hamid@europe.com);
(2) Keyvan Kambakhsh, Nobitex Labs (keyvankambakhsh@gmail.com). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Proof of Liability and 2.1 Commitment 2.2 Merkle Tree 2.3 Leaves Structure 2.4 Proof Statement 3 Proof of Reserve 3.1 Ethereum 3.2 Bitcoin 4 Proof of Solvency 5 Future Works and References 3.2 Bitcoin Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, was introduced in 2009 by an individual or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. It operates on a peer-to-peer network where transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded on a public ledger known as blockchain. Unlike Ethereum’s account-based model, Bitcoin uses an Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model for its accounting system. In this model, transactions output a certain number of bitcoins, which can be spent by future transactions. Each UTXO represents a chain of ownership encoded in the Bitcoin blockchain, and the sum of these UTXOs represents a user’s total bitcoin balance. Bitcoin nodes maintain a database of active UTXOs, also known as the chain state. This database is crucial for verifying new transactions, as it allows nodes to check whether the UTXOs a transaction wants to spend are indeed valid and have not been spent yet. By only keeping track of unspent bitcoins, the UTXO model simplifies transaction verification and improves the scalability of the Bitcoin network.[5] 3.2.1 UTXO and ChainStat At the heart of Bitcoin’s operation is the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model. In this model, each transaction begins with inputs that are references to previous transaction outputs and ends with outputs that specify a new Bitcoin amount and a new owner. These outputs then become the inputs of future transactions, forming a chain of ownership. Transaction types in Bitcoin, such as Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash (P2PKH) and Payto-Script-Hash (P2SH), govern the conditions under which these UTXOs can be spent. The Chain State in Bitcoin is a key-value database that maintains a record of all active UTXOs. With the arrival of every new block, spent UTXOs are removed, and new UTXOs are added to the Chain State. This dynamic update of the Chain State ensures that it accurately reflects the current state of all transactions. The balance of a Bitcoin address is determined by the total amount of bitcoins in the UTXOs that the address owns. Each full node in the Bitcoin network independently maintains the Chain State. Every node computes its own Chain State by applying all transactions from the blockchain starting from the genesis block. This decentralized approach ensures that every node has a complete and independent verification of the state of all transactions, contributing to the security and robustness of the Bitcoin network. However, this also means that the Chain State is not directly included in the block header and varies from node to node, making it challenging to create a proof of reserve that commits to a specific number of active UTXOs owned by an address. In the next section, we will discuss a solution to this challenge. 3.2.2 Bitcoin Proof Statement The first approach to proving a Bitcoin balance might be to adopt the idea from EIP7503. This would involve transferring a specific amount of Bitcoin in a transaction, and then privately proving the transaction and the amount. This approach is feasible but involves operational costs, making it less than ideal. A more efficient approach might involve the following steps: Announce that the platform intends to commit to its Bitcoin balances up to a specific block.


Download the entire Chain State for that block from a Bitcoin node. This Chain State includes every active UTXO at the time of the block.


Insert every UTXO from the Chain State as a leaf in a Merkle tree. This process converts the Chain State into a structure that allows for efficient proofs.


Publish the root of the Merkle tree. Anyone can then verify the correctness of the published root with the help of a Bitcoin node and some additional code. With this approach, we now have a Merkle tree representing all active UTXOs at a specific block. As a business, we know which UTXOs belong to our addresses. We can then create a Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) circuit to prove that we know some leaves (UTXOs) that belong to a specific address and prove their paths in the Merkle tree. This approach allows us to commit to a specific number of active UTXOs owned by an address without revealing the address itself, providing a privacy-preserving proof of reserve for Bitcoin addresses. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Hamid Bateni, Nobitex Labs (hamid@europe.com); (2) Keyvan Kambakhsh, Nobitex Labs (keyvankambakhsh@gmail.com). Authors: Authors: (1) Hamid Bateni, Nobitex Labs (hamid@europe.com); (2) Keyvan Kambakhsh, Nobitex Labs (keyvankambakhsh@gmail.com). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Proof of Liability and 2.1 Commitment 2 Proof of Liability and 2.1 Commitment 2.2 Merkle Tree 2.2 Merkle Tree 2.3 Leaves Structure 2.3 Leaves Structure 2.4 Proof Statement 2.4 Proof Statement 3 Proof of Reserve 3 Proof of Reserve 3.1 Ethereum 3.1 Ethereum 3.2 Bitcoin 3.2 Bitcoin 4 Proof of Solvency 4 Proof of Solvency 5 Future Works and References 5 Future Works and References 3.2 Bitcoin Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, was introduced in 2009 by an individual or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. It operates on a peer-to-peer network where transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded on a public ledger known as blockchain. Unlike Ethereum’s account-based model, Bitcoin uses an Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model for its accounting system. In this model, transactions output a certain number of bitcoins, which can be spent by future transactions. Each UTXO represents a chain of ownership encoded in the Bitcoin blockchain, and the sum of these UTXOs represents a user’s total bitcoin balance. Bitcoin nodes maintain a database of active UTXOs, also known as the chain state. This database is crucial for verifying new transactions, as it allows nodes to check whether the UTXOs a transaction wants to spend are indeed valid and have not been spent yet. By only keeping track of unspent bitcoins, the UTXO model simplifies transaction verification and improves the scalability of the Bitcoin network.[5] 3.2.1 UTXO and ChainStat At the heart of Bitcoin’s operation is the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model. In this model, each transaction begins with inputs that are references to previous transaction outputs and ends with outputs that specify a new Bitcoin amount and a new owner. These outputs then become the inputs of future transactions, forming a chain of ownership. Transaction types in Bitcoin, such as Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash (P2PKH) and Payto-Script-Hash (P2SH), govern the conditions under which these UTXOs can be spent. The Chain State in Bitcoin is a key-value database that maintains a record of all active UTXOs. With the arrival of every new block, spent UTXOs are removed, and new UTXOs are added to the Chain State. This dynamic update of the Chain State ensures that it accurately reflects the current state of all transactions. The balance of a Bitcoin address is determined by the total amount of bitcoins in the UTXOs that the address owns. Each full node in the Bitcoin network independently maintains the Chain State. Every node computes its own Chain State by applying all transactions from the blockchain starting from the genesis block. This decentralized approach ensures that every node has a complete and independent verification of the state of all transactions, contributing to the security and robustness of the Bitcoin network. However, this also means that the Chain State is not directly included in the block header and varies from node to node, making it challenging to create a proof of reserve that commits to a specific number of active UTXOs owned by an address. In the next section, we will discuss a solution to this challenge. 3.2.2 Bitcoin Proof Statement The first approach to proving a Bitcoin balance might be to adopt the idea from EIP7503. This would involve transferring a specific amount of Bitcoin in a transaction, and then privately proving the transaction and the amount. This approach is feasible but involves operational costs, making it less than ideal. A more efficient approach might involve the following steps: Announce that the platform intends to commit to its Bitcoin balances up to a specific block. Download the entire Chain State for that block from a Bitcoin node. This Chain State includes every active UTXO at the time of the block. Insert every UTXO from the Chain State as a leaf in a Merkle tree. This process converts the Chain State into a structure that allows for efficient proofs. Publish the root of the Merkle tree. Anyone can then verify the correctness of the published root with the help of a Bitcoin node and some additional code. Announce that the platform intends to commit to its Bitcoin balances up to a specific block. Announce that the platform intends to commit to its Bitcoin balances up to a specific block. Download the entire Chain State for that block from a Bitcoin node. This Chain State includes every active UTXO at the time of the block. Download the entire Chain State for that block from a Bitcoin node. This Chain State includes every active UTXO at the time of the block. Insert every UTXO from the Chain State as a leaf in a Merkle tree. This process converts the Chain State into a structure that allows for efficient proofs. Insert every UTXO from the Chain State as a leaf in a Merkle tree. This process converts the Chain State into a structure that allows for efficient proofs. Publish the root of the Merkle tree. Anyone can then verify the correctness of the published root with the help of a Bitcoin node and some additional code. Publish the root of the Merkle tree. Anyone can then verify the correctness of the published root with the help of a Bitcoin node and some additional code. With this approach, we now have a Merkle tree representing all active UTXOs at a specific block. As a business, we know which UTXOs belong to our addresses. We can then create a Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) circuit to prove that we know some leaves (UTXOs) that belong to a specific address and prove their paths in the Merkle tree. This approach allows us to commit to a specific number of active UTXOs owned by an address without revealing the address itself, providing a privacy-preserving proof of reserve for Bitcoin addresses. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

How UTXOs Keep Your Coins Safe and Sound

For a technology that’s designed to assist, advise, and augment human capabilities, it’s astounding how often AI gets treated like an enigma that requires endless analysis and deliberation before it’s put to work. The most recent iteration of this paradox can be seen in the growing calls for assessments, ROI filters, and feasibility studies before businesses commit to using Generative AI (GenAI). Consultants are being hired to develop frameworks, strategists are crafting PowerPoint decks, and entire meetings are being dedicated to the question: How can we make AI work for us? Here’s the irony: While everyone is busy over-analyzing how to integrate AI into their operations, they’re ignoring the most powerful resource at their disposal—the AI itself. Generative AI models aren’t just tools you deploy after you’ve figured out a strategy. They can help you create the strategy. If you’re wondering where AI can add value, why not simply ask it? It’s time for companies to recognize that one of the best ways to discover how to use AI is to collaborate with it directly. Instead of commissioning yet another ROI study or engaging in more bureaucratic filtering, why not let AI be part of the discovery process? Let’s break down why it’s time to stop overthinking and start leveraging GenAI’s capabilities more intuitively. AI Isn’t Just a Tool—It’s a Collaborator The traditional approach to implementing new technology in business has always been methodical and measured. You identify potential use cases, run feasibility studies, measure expected ROI, and then decide whether to proceed. This approach makes sense when dealing with static tools or technologies with narrowly defined functions. But Generative AI doesn’t fit neatly into that category. Generative AI models like GPT-4 or DALL-E aren’t rigid solutions that only work in predefined scenarios. They’re flexible, adaptable, and capable of performing a wide range of tasks—from drafting reports and generating marketing ideas to brainstorming product features and suggesting process optimizations. Treating them as if they’re static technologies, requiring weeks of deliberation before use, is like bringing a Swiss Army knife to a survival scenario and spending all your time deciding which blade to use while missing the fact that the knife itself can show you what it’s best suited for. So, why not use AI as a collaborative partner in figuring out how it can add value? Let the AI itself help you uncover its own best use cases. Ask it to analyze your existing processes, identify bottlenecks, suggest content strategies, or even create a preliminary draft of your very own AI adoption roadmap. The responses might surprise you, and at the very least, they’ll serve as a starting point for further refinement and discussion. Stop Over-Engineering the ROI Calculation Another stumbling block in AI adoption is the insistence on extensive ROI calculations before the technology is even tested in a real-world context. Managers want to know exactly how much time or money will be saved, which KPIs will be impacted, and how soon they’ll see returns. While these questions are important, they’re not easy to answer when dealing with a technology as versatile and dynamic as GenAI. The reason is simple: GenAI’s value often extends beyond traditional ROI metrics. It can improve the quality of customer interactions, speed up ideation processes, and enable more personalized experiences—all of which contribute to long-term brand equity and competitive advantage but might not show up immediately on a balance sheet. And guess what? If you’re struggling to calculate ROI, ask the AI for help. GenAI models can analyze cost-benefit scenarios, simulate outcomes, and even create preliminary ROI frameworks tailored to your specific context. If you’re unsure about where to start, you can ask the AI questions like: “What are the potential ROI drivers for implementing a chatbot for customer service in a mid-sized retail business?” “Which tasks in my marketing department can be automated to save the most time and reduce costs?” “How can I measure the non-monetary value that AI-generated content brings to my brand?” You’ll likely receive a starting point that’s far more specific and actionable than anything a whiteboard brainstorming session could yield. AI Can Help You Identify Its Own Use Cases One of the most powerful, yet underutilized, aspects of GenAI is its ability to identify opportunities for its own application. It’s a self-recommending technology. You can pose open-ended questions to an AI model to help pinpoint areas where it can add value. Here are some examples of how you can “ask” AI about its own use: “What are some areas in my business where you can provide the most value?”
“Can you identify inefficiencies in my sales funnel, and suggest ways to address them?”
“What content strategies would you recommend for my brand to increase audience engagement?”
“Which business processes in my company would benefit most from automation, and why?” Instead of spending weeks creating internal reports that may or may not capture AI’s potential, these questions can give you concrete starting points in a matter of minutes. The AI might suggest things you hadn’t considered—like automating customer follow-ups, generating SEO-optimized blog posts, or even training the sales team on product knowledge using AI simulations. The Real Value: Immediate Experimentation Imagine how much time companies could save if, instead of waiting for the perfect ROI calculation or a polished proposal from a consultancy firm, they just started experimenting with AI in small, manageable ways. Want to see if AI can help improve your social media strategy? Ask it to draft a month’s worth of posts, and see what you get. Curious about using AI to assist in onboarding new employees? Have it draft some training materials, and test them out with a few new hires. These small-scale experiments offer immediate feedback and can highlight real value much faster than formal assessments ever could. They also help companies build internal expertise, create a culture of innovation, and—crucially—understand AI’s capabilities firsthand. This hands-on approach is where the true ROI of AI begins to reveal itself, often in unexpected ways. The Fear of Misuse: A Convenient Excuse Another reason companies hesitate to “just ask AI” is fear. Fear of AI giving the “wrong” answers, fear of AI being misused, or fear of AI making existing roles redundant. But these fears are often exaggerated, based on a misunderstanding of AI’s role as a collaborator rather than a replacement for human ingenuity. If you’re worried about AI misuse, then the solution isn’t to avoid it altogether—it’s to create guardrails and define roles. AI can provide suggestions, but humans must be in the loop to validate, refine, and implement these suggestions. Fear shouldn’t paralyze companies into inaction. If anything, the best way to understand the risks is through controlled, small-scale experimentation where failures are learning experiences rather than catastrophes. Realigning Expectations: AI as a Strategic Partner It’s time for companies to stop seeing GenAI as an intimidating, “all-or-nothing” investment that needs to be fully justified before being used. AI is a dynamic, evolving tool that thrives on interaction and iteration. By asking AI to help shape its own use case, companies can demystify the technology and discover new ways to leverage it that traditional ROI filters would never reveal. Instead of debating how to use AI behind closed doors or waiting for the perfect business case to emerge, why not simply engage with the technology and see where it takes you? The best way to understand AI’s potential isn’t through endless deliberation and analysis—it’s by using it, experimenting with it, and letting it guide you toward new opportunities. Let AI Help You Help Yourself The next time someone at your company proposes another feasibility study or ROI assessment before greenlighting a GenAI project, ask yourself: Why not just ask AI where it can add value? Why not let it participate in its own discovery process? After all, the AI isn’t just sitting there waiting to be used—it’s ready to engage, advise, and adapt. All you have to do is start the conversation. So, let’s stop the overthinking, stop the hesitations, and start collaborating with AI in real, impactful ways. Because if we keep getting caught up in analysis paralysis, we’ll miss out on the true value that AI brings: a partner that’s willing and ready to help, if only we’d ask it to. About Me: 20+ year veteran combining data, AI, risk management, strategy, and education. 4x hackathon winner and social impact from data advocate. Currently working to jumpstart the AI workforce in the Philippines. Learn more about me here: https://docligot.com For a technology that’s designed to assist, advise, and augment human capabilities, it’s astounding how often AI gets treated like an enigma that requires endless analysis and deliberation before it’s put to work. The most recent iteration of this paradox can be seen in the growing calls for assessments, ROI filters, and feasibility studies before businesses commit to using Generative AI (GenAI). Consultants are being hired to develop frameworks, strategists are crafting PowerPoint decks, and entire meetings are being dedicated to the question: How can we make AI work for us? How can we make AI work for us? Here’s the irony: While everyone is busy over-analyzing how to integrate AI into their operations, they’re ignoring the most powerful resource at their disposal—the AI itself. Generative AI models aren’t just tools you deploy after you’ve figured out a strategy. They can help you create the strategy. If you’re wondering where AI can add value, why not simply ask it ? after create ask it It’s time for companies to recognize that one of the best ways to discover how to use AI is to collaborate with it directly. Instead of commissioning yet another ROI study or engaging in more bureaucratic filtering, why not let AI be part of the discovery process? Let’s break down why it’s time to stop overthinking and start leveraging GenAI’s capabilities more intuitively. AI Isn’t Just a Tool—It’s a Collaborator The traditional approach to implementing new technology in business has always been methodical and measured. You identify potential use cases, run feasibility studies, measure expected ROI, and then decide whether to proceed. This approach makes sense when dealing with static tools or technologies with narrowly defined functions. But Generative AI doesn’t fit neatly into that category. Generative AI models like GPT-4 or DALL-E aren’t rigid solutions that only work in predefined scenarios. They’re flexible, adaptable, and capable of performing a wide range of tasks—from drafting reports and generating marketing ideas to brainstorming product features and suggesting process optimizations. Treating them as if they’re static technologies, requiring weeks of deliberation before use, is like bringing a Swiss Army knife to a survival scenario and spending all your time deciding which blade to use while missing the fact that the knife itself can show you what it’s best suited for. So, why not use AI as a collaborative partner in figuring out how it can add value? Let the AI itself help you uncover its own best use cases. Ask it to analyze your existing processes, identify bottlenecks, suggest content strategies, or even create a preliminary draft of your very own AI adoption roadmap. The responses might surprise you, and at the very least, they’ll serve as a starting point for further refinement and discussion. Stop Over-Engineering the ROI Calculation Another stumbling block in AI adoption is the insistence on extensive ROI calculations before the technology is even tested in a real-world context. Managers want to know exactly how much time or money will be saved, which KPIs will be impacted, and how soon they’ll see returns. While these questions are important, they’re not easy to answer when dealing with a technology as versatile and dynamic as GenAI. The reason is simple: GenAI’s value often extends beyond traditional ROI metrics. It can improve the quality of customer interactions, speed up ideation processes, and enable more personalized experiences—all of which contribute to long-term brand equity and competitive advantage but might not show up immediately on a balance sheet. And guess what? If you’re struggling to calculate ROI, ask the AI for help. GenAI models can analyze cost-benefit scenarios, simulate outcomes, and even create preliminary ROI frameworks tailored to your specific context. If you’re unsure about where to start, you can ask the AI questions like: “What are the potential ROI drivers for implementing a chatbot for customer service in a mid-sized retail business?” “What are the potential ROI drivers for implementing a chatbot for customer service in a mid-sized retail business?” “Which tasks in my marketing department can be automated to save the most time and reduce costs?” “Which tasks in my marketing department can be automated to save the most time and reduce costs?” “How can I measure the non-monetary value that AI-generated content brings to my brand?” “How can I measure the non-monetary value that AI-generated content brings to my brand?” You’ll likely receive a starting point that’s far more specific and actionable than anything a whiteboard brainstorming session could yield. AI Can Help You Identify Its Own Use Cases One of the most powerful, yet underutilized, aspects of GenAI is its ability to identify opportunities for its own application. It’s a self-recommending technology. You can pose open-ended questions to an AI model to help pinpoint areas where it can add value. Here are some examples of how you can “ask” AI about its own use: “What are some areas in my business where you can provide the most value?” “Can you identify inefficiencies in my sales funnel, and suggest ways to address them?” “What content strategies would you recommend for my brand to increase audience engagement?” “Which business processes in my company would benefit most from automation, and why?” “What are some areas in my business where you can provide the most value?” “What are some areas in my business where you can provide the most value?” “Can you identify inefficiencies in my sales funnel, and suggest ways to address them?” “Can you identify inefficiencies in my sales funnel, and suggest ways to address them?” “What content strategies would you recommend for my brand to increase audience engagement?” “What content strategies would you recommend for my brand to increase audience engagement?” “Which business processes in my company would benefit most from automation, and why?” “Which business processes in my company would benefit most from automation, and why?” Instead of spending weeks creating internal reports that may or may not capture AI’s potential, these questions can give you concrete starting points in a matter of minutes. The AI might suggest things you hadn’t considered—like automating customer follow-ups, generating SEO-optimized blog posts, or even training the sales team on product knowledge using AI simulations. The Real Value: Immediate Experimentation Imagine how much time companies could save if, instead of waiting for the perfect ROI calculation or a polished proposal from a consultancy firm, they just started experimenting with AI in small, manageable ways. Want to see if AI can help improve your social media strategy? Ask it to draft a month’s worth of posts, and see what you get. Curious about using AI to assist in onboarding new employees? Have it draft some training materials, and test them out with a few new hires. These small-scale experiments offer immediate feedback and can highlight real value much faster than formal assessments ever could. They also help companies build internal expertise, create a culture of innovation, and—crucially—understand AI’s capabilities firsthand. This hands-on approach is where the true ROI of AI begins to reveal itself, often in unexpected ways. The Fear of Misuse: A Convenient Excuse Another reason companies hesitate to “just ask AI” is fear. Fear of AI giving the “wrong” answers, fear of AI being misused, or fear of AI making existing roles redundant. But these fears are often exaggerated, based on a misunderstanding of AI’s role as a collaborator rather than a replacement for human ingenuity. If you’re worried about AI misuse, then the solution isn’t to avoid it altogether—it’s to create guardrails and define roles. AI can provide suggestions, but humans must be in the loop to validate, refine, and implement these suggestions. Fear shouldn’t paralyze companies into inaction. If anything, the best way to understand the risks is through controlled, small-scale experimentation where failures are learning experiences rather than catastrophes. Realigning Expectations: AI as a Strategic Partner It’s time for companies to stop seeing GenAI as an intimidating, “all-or-nothing” investment that needs to be fully justified before being used. AI is a dynamic, evolving tool that thrives on interaction and iteration. By asking AI to help shape its own use case, companies can demystify the technology and discover new ways to leverage it that traditional ROI filters would never reveal. Instead of debating how to use AI behind closed doors or waiting for the perfect business case to emerge, why not simply engage with the technology and see where it takes you? The best way to understand AI’s potential isn’t through endless deliberation and analysis—it’s by using it, experimenting with it, and letting it guide you toward new opportunities. Let AI Help You Help Yourself The next time someone at your company proposes another feasibility study or ROI assessment before greenlighting a GenAI project, ask yourself: Why not just ask AI where it can add value? Why not let it participate in its own discovery process? ask After all, the AI isn’t just sitting there waiting to be used—it’s ready to engage, advise, and adapt. All you have to do is start the conversation. So, let’s stop the overthinking, stop the hesitations, and start collaborating with AI in real, impactful ways. Because if we keep getting caught up in analysis paralysis, we’ll miss out on the true value that AI brings: a partner that’s willing and ready to help, if only we’d ask it to. About Me: 20+ year veteran combining data, AI, risk management, strategy, and education. 4x hackathon winner and social impact from data advocate. Currently working to jumpstart the AI workforce in the Philippines. Learn more about me here: https://docligot.com About Me: 20+ year veteran combining data, AI, risk management, strategy, and education. 4x hackathon winner and social impact from data advocate. Currently working to jumpstart the AI workforce in the Philippines. Learn more about me here: https://docligot.com https://docligot.com

Companies Keep Asking Everyone Else About How to Use AI - Except AI Itself

This is a no-fluff list of the tools we're using at the startup I work at (making $100k/mo). At this stage, it’s tempting to subscribe to every premium tool, but we stick to a guiding principle: keep it simple, maximize value, and avoid overcomplication. Here’s what works for us: Version Control System - GitHub We use GitHub for version control because it’s an industry standard with excellent integrations. It helps us manage our repositories and work collaboratively with a familiar interface. Team Communication - Slack Slack is our go-to communication tool. It allows us to create channels, communicate asynchronously, and quickly solve blockers. The integrations with other tools, like GitHub and Google Calendar, help us centralize notifications and keep conversations organized. Code Review Tool - PullNotifier PullNotifier increases visibility for code reviews, which is crucial for our team. It sends real-time notifications to Slack whenever a pull request is opened, helping us streamline the review process and ensure faster iterations. Project Management - Jira Jira keeps our project management on track. It's flexible, allows us to manage sprints, and track the progress of tasks easily. The integration with GitHub makes it easy to sync code progress with project management. CI/CD - GitHub Actions GitHub Actions powers our continuous integration and deployment. Since it's built into GitHub, it’s easy to set up, automate tests, and deploy code without switching platforms. It simplifies the process and saves time. Documentation and Internal Notes - Confluence Confluence is our go-to for internal documentation. It’s perfect for keeping all our notes, wikis, and processes in one place. Plus, its integration with Jira makes referencing project updates smooth. Accounting, Payments & Employee Management - Xero Xero handles our accounting and payroll. It’s simple, effective, and automates much of the tedious financial work. The real-time financial reporting is invaluable for managing cash flow. Infrastructure Platform - AWS AWS gives us the scalability and reliability we need for hosting our apps. With services like ECS and RDS, we can easily manage our infrastructure while controlling costs. Error Reporting, Logging, and Internal Dashboards - NewRelic NewRelic helps us monitor application performance and log errors in real-time. It provides detailed insights, which allows us to troubleshoot issues quickly and keep our platform stable. Email Provider - Google Google Workspace handles our email needs, and its reliability and integration with other tools, like Google Calendar, make it an easy choice for seamless communication. Meetings - Google Calendar and Slack Huddles We rely on Google Calendar for scheduling meetings and Slack Huddles for quick, impromptu discussions. These tools keep our meetings short and efficient. Code Quality - SonarCloud SonarCloud provides automatic code analysis and ensures that we maintain a high standard for code quality. It helps us detect bugs and security vulnerabilities before they become issues. Server Uptime Monitoring - Healthchecks.io Healthchecks.io keeps track of our cron jobs and scheduled tasks. It sends alerts if something goes wrong, ensuring we’re always on top of potential downtime issues. These tools have been chosen because they offer the best value for our needs, helping us stay lean and focused as we continue to grow. Do you have anything to add to this list? This is a no-fluff list of the tools we're using at the startup I work at (making $100k/mo). At this stage, it’s tempting to subscribe to every premium tool, but we stick to a guiding principle: keep it simple, maximize value, and avoid overcomplication . keep it simple, maximize value, and avoid overcomplication Here’s what works for us: Version Control System - GitHub GitHub GitHub We use GitHub for version control because it’s an industry standard with excellent integrations. It helps us manage our repositories and work collaboratively with a familiar interface. Team Communication - Slack Slack Slack Slack is our go-to communication tool. It allows us to create channels, communicate asynchronously, and quickly solve blockers. The integrations with other tools, like GitHub and Google Calendar, help us centralize notifications and keep conversations organized. Code Review Tool - PullNotifier PullNotifier PullNotifier PullNotifier increases visibility for code reviews, which is crucial for our team. It sends real-time notifications to Slack whenever a pull request is opened, helping us streamline the review process and ensure faster iterations. Project Management - Jira Jira Jira Jira keeps our project management on track. It's flexible, allows us to manage sprints, and track the progress of tasks easily. The integration with GitHub makes it easy to sync code progress with project management. CI/CD - GitHub Actions GitHub Actions GitHub Actions GitHub Actions powers our continuous integration and deployment. Since it's built into GitHub, it’s easy to set up, automate tests, and deploy code without switching platforms. It simplifies the process and saves time. Documentation and Internal Notes - Confluence Confluence Confluence Confluence is our go-to for internal documentation. It’s perfect for keeping all our notes, wikis, and processes in one place. Plus, its integration with Jira makes referencing project updates smooth. Accounting, Payments & Employee Management - Xero Xero Xero Xero handles our accounting and payroll. It’s simple, effective, and automates much of the tedious financial work. The real-time financial reporting is invaluable for managing cash flow. Infrastructure Platform - AWS AWS AWS AWS gives us the scalability and reliability we need for hosting our apps. With services like ECS and RDS, we can easily manage our infrastructure while controlling costs. Error Reporting, Logging, and Internal Dashboards - NewRelic NewRelic NewRelic NewRelic helps us monitor application performance and log errors in real-time. It provides detailed insights, which allows us to troubleshoot issues quickly and keep our platform stable. Email Provider - Google Google Google Google Workspace handles our email needs, and its reliability and integration with other tools, like Google Calendar, make it an easy choice for seamless communication. Meetings - Google Calendar and Slack Huddles Google Calendar and Slack Huddles We rely on Google Calendar for scheduling meetings and Slack Huddles for quick, impromptu discussions. These tools keep our meetings short and efficient. Code Quality - SonarCloud SonarCloud SonarCloud SonarCloud provides automatic code analysis and ensures that we maintain a high standard for code quality. It helps us detect bugs and security vulnerabilities before they become issues. Server Uptime Monitoring - Healthchecks.io Healthchecks.io Healthchecks.io Healthchecks.io keeps track of our cron jobs and scheduled tasks. It sends alerts if something goes wrong, ensuring we’re always on top of potential downtime issues. These tools have been chosen because they offer the best value for our needs, helping us stay lean and focused as we continue to grow. Do you have anything to add to this list?

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