San Francisco is home to a melting pot of top-rated restaurants, with foods and dishes inspired by many multicultural influences. There is no denying that the food alone is reason enough to visit this beautiful city.

The 20 Best Sandwich Shops In San Francisco

It’s been a great year for local dancers who strive to keep alive the mountain tradition of clogging. The young — and young at heart — have all made their hometown proud in various competitions, and none any more so than four women representing High Country Senior Games,

Forever Young Cloggers Bring Home the Gold from State Senior Games

This popularity of what some might consider an ill-conceived and almost certainly unappealing exhibit brings up the question, Why, when most lovers of art think collectors and museum-goers like "beautiful" art,

The Allure of "Ugly" Art

NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WSMV) - One Nashville woman had hoped to start a family with her husband earlier this year. But those hopes have been put on hold for Greta Hollar after she found a lump in her breast during a self-exam in May. ”A couple weeks later, I was diagnosed with Stage 1 breast cancer,” Hollar said.

‘It will definitely be worth it all’: Nashville woman faces tough decision after breast cancer diagnosis

A former Boise middle school principal who’s been accused of failing to investigate allegations of sex abuse of a female student will face a jury trial after he pleaded not guilty to a felony charge Wednesday.

Boise principal accused of ignoring sexual abuse pleads not guilty, requests trial

Boston is known for its deep history, famous seafood, and raving sports fans — but more people should be talking about the wide variety of delicious bakeries that are scattered across this city. If you're thinking that a classic Boston cream pie is all that's on offer in this food-focused haven,

16 Best Bakeries In Boston

The trend of the real estate market in Allen County is shown by the following report, for the three weeks running Oct. 5 through 11. Figures reflect the selling price of the property, along with the address or lot number of same and are courtesy of Allen County Recorder Mona Losh’s Office.

Land transfers, Oct. 5-11

Megan Hollar scored 2 goals as the undefeated WL-S girls soccer team beat Greeneview, 3-2, on Thursday to claim its second straight OHC championship.

Tigers claim OHC girls soccer title

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CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI.

Will you be content if you hire and pay four people but only three show up to actually do the work? And yet, many employers do just that. According to McKinsey, an average worker spends 1.8 hours daily gathering and aggregating data, a task that is redundant and doesn’t have a direct impact on business success, and, above all, can be easily automated. Is your insurance company looking for ways to relieve your employees from this routine burden while cutting costs and minimizing errors? If so, you can consult a to build or customize an RPA solution specific to your needs. robotic process automation company But before that, where can you use RPA in insurance? And how to prepare for its implementation — either in specific processes or company wide? What is RPA, and how can it serve the insurance sector? In the insurance industry, robotic process automation (RPA) refers to rule-based software bots that can perform repetitive manual tasks, such as extracting claims data, aggregating client information from various internal and external sources, and performing background checks. If we look at the statistics of RPA implementation, the insurance sector, along with retail, are the main beneficiaries of this technology. With this popularity, Juniper Research predicts that almost a half of the insurance sector . And McKinsey believes that those who have already adopted the technology will be able to by 2025. will invest in RPA by 2024 automate 25% of their manual processes Deploying RPA in the insurance sector brings about the following benefits: . RPA can serve as a bridge between modern software, such as an ERP solution, and the existing legacy programs and devices that are still important for business. Sometimes deploying RPA in insurance can replace legacy systems altogether. For instance, a North American insurer Security Benefit in one year by automating legacy processes. Facilitates integration with legacy systems saved 40,000 labor hours . There are many real-life examples of when adopting RPA in insurance took the excessive load off employees’ backs and gave them more time for higher-value tasks. For instance, Encova Insurance saved its workers by automating their customer retention process, while Australian Unity of manual labor over the course of eight months thanks to RPA. Reduces manual work 25 hours a week spared its employees 22,493 hours . When employees are not overwhelmed with tedious routine tasks, their job satisfaction increases. A large insurance group based in Hong Kong used to delegate routine clerical work to junior staff, who made mistakes resulting in high employee turnover. The company after automating 80% of these processes. Lowers attrition rates reported lower attrition rates . Deploying RPA in insurance does require initial investment, but it helps companies to save money in the long run. For instance, a global insurance provider after deploying just 13 RPA robots. Cuts costs saved £140,000 in six months Top 7 robotic process automation insurance use cases Underwriting Underwriters must analyze information from numerous sources to assess risks and find the best rates and policy options for their clients. In the life insurance niche, for instance, this task can take up to four weeks. Underwriters of their time on data gathering and entry. spend on average 40% Bots can aggregate and process data from internal and external sites and display it on a dashboard for faster and more convenient decision making. According to McKinsey, using RPA in insurance can . Moreover, enhanced with AI, bots can perform the following tasks: reduce data processing time by 34% Populate corresponding fields in the internal system Analyze clients’ claim history and suggest pricing Verify if the person already has an existing policy Assess loss runs Identify health risks, such as checking if the person smokes Extract the client’s credit rating from third-party resources, such as Experian When RPA takes over the trivial tasks, human underwriters can focus their efforts to streamline more complex cases. A Tier 1 US insurer from different policy systems and provide underwriters with a 360-degree of the client and their risks. Prior to this collaboration, underwriters wasted a lot of time to perform this task manually. And now they could use this time to better serve the customer. turned to Accenture to automate data extraction Business process improvement The insurance sector is full of paper-intensive processes, which makes it challenging to assess operational efficiency and identify areas for improvement. When automation bots take over, it becomes possible to track their workflow and record each step. Afterwards, during audits, companies can review the logs and measure parameters, such as processing speed and the number of manual interventions required, to identify candidates for process optimization. Even by simply automating a process, the efficiency increases in terms of speed and error rate. To achieve this, many organizations are incorporating insurance RPA into their workflow. Cattolica Assicurazioni, an Italian insurance firm, turned to UiPath to automate their processes. They investigated the process of financial reconciliation and found that it contained very few exceptions and could be almost fully digitized. They deployed RPA bots to perform tedious tasks, such as matching 20.000 lines of numbers. The financial department allocated six months to complete this project. With RPA automating 90% of the process, the company with a zero error rate. accomplished this task in merely two months Claims management and fraud detection McKinsey reports that automation . reduce the amount of manual work by 80% As you can see from the stats, this is a major robotic process automation insurance use case. When claim registration is done manually, it results in errors, slow service, and unpleasant customer experience. Incorporating RPA in insurance can streamline the whole process from First Notice of Loss (FNOL) to settlement: Integrate claims data from multiple sources, such as medical records for RPA in health insurance, photos of damaged vehicles, etc. Process scanned paper claims by classifying them and entering into the system correctly Assist in claims verification and sport fraudulent claims Identify any missing information and bring this issue to the responsible officer’s attention The Canadian claims management provider SCM Insurance Services fully automated data entry for FNOL, which allowed claims . And a large US property and casualty insurer, EXL, worker compensation claim handling time by 60% within the first four months of deploying RPA in insurance claims processing. to be completed 80% faster could decrease Policy administration and cancellation Even though current software packages for policy administration save employees a lot of labor, they still include complex navigations through multiple applications, causing inefficiency and opening room for error. Insurance robotic process automation solutions, backed by and natural language processing, can receive emails from policy holders, extract data, make the required changes, such as bank mandate and address alteration, and send confirmations. The technology can handle policy rating, issuing, endorsing, renewing, and cancellation, among other tasks. machine learning Zurich Insurance Group built by Capgemini based on BluePrism software. It involves RPA robots early in policy handling as they enter policy details into the system, issue invoices, and draft policy documents that officers can review. Both Zurich clients and the insurer benefit greatly from this approach. Raffaele Nutricati, Head of Robotic Process Automation at Zurich Commercial Insurance, said, deployed an automation solution “Not only are they receiving policies of higher quality than those processed in the traditional manner, there is a significant decrease in the number of emails and phone calls to clarify information with our support desk.” Regulatory compliance The insurance sector relies on several compliance standards, such as tax law and HIPAA privacy rules, to guide documentation and processes. Officers are expected to monitor and act upon any changes in regulations. They need to align claim types with the corresponding jurisdiction as fast as possible, risking a regulatory breach. Automation bots can take over this responsibility by monitoring regulations, validating customer data accordingly, keeping a log of changes, and generating regulatory reports. For example, one popular compliance use case is Name Screening Alert Review for Sanctions on politically exposed persons (PEP). Screening systems can generate thousands of alerts every day, and it would be exhausting to verify any false positives manually. RPA in insurance can pre-process these alerts, significantly limiting the number of false positives remaining for manual verification. Customer service As we established above, deploying RPA in insurance speeds up client-facing services and almost eliminates error rates, resulting in a better customer experience. With the abundance of insurance companies, clients always have an option to leave one provider for another. According to Deloitte’s survey, after experiencing poor customer service. 41% of respondents have left their insurer Moreover, automation enables companies to perform advanced analytics to gain a better understanding of customer expectations and provide personalized offerings. For example, a client has posted on social media about his upcoming trip. An RPA assistant takes notice of this information, and when the client contacts an insurance agent about, let’s say, home insurance, the smart assistant will notify the agent about the vacation, enabling the agent to produce a customized offer covering all of the client’s needs. Such an approach will give you a competitive advantage as about the lack of personalization in insurance products. 88% of clients complain Query processing The insurance sector receives large volumes of broker and customer queries that demand fast resolution. Manual query processing can be error prone and exhausting for employees, while deploying RPA insurance bots will guarantee faster and more accurate results. Hollard Group managed to facilitate broker communication through . As a result, they reduced execution time by 600%, saving 2,000 hours of employee time per month. automating 98% of email handling processes The path to successful adoption of robotic process automation in insurance Here are the five steps that you can take to prepare yourself and your company for the upcoming automation project: . Opt for processes that are well-structured, rule-based, and don’t have many exceptions. It is also a good practice to choose frequently used processes as they will amplify the benefits and speed up return on investment. According to Gartner, the should not include more than 20 steps or involve over three applications. Identify candidate processes for automation ideal RPA candidate . Analyze the process first and eliminate any unessential steps. Also, even though every employee performs the task differently, come up with a standardized process version for automation. Optimize processes before automation . This will help people appreciate RPA benefits, give improvement suggestions, and will make them generally motivated to use the new system. Involve your employees from the beginning . There are four well-established RPA vendors, namely , , , and . Select your RPA platform UiPath Blue Prism Automation Anywhere WorkFusion . Most likely, you will still need to customize your preferred RPA solution to cover all your needs and fit into your workflows. An experienced robotic process automation company will ensure a seamless integration. Find a vendor who will help you incorporate the selected RPA insurance tools into your existing system You can learn more about in our recent article. RPA adoption challenges and how to overcome them What’s next for RPA in insurance? Deploying robotic process automation in the insurance industry can speed up operations, bring down expenses, and increase customer satisfaction. But this is just the beginning of the road towards intelligent process automation (IPA), which will empower RPA bots to take over tasks typically reserved for humans. With the help of cognitive technologies, such as , , and , RPA can maximize its contribution across the insurance value chain. AI emotion recognition optical character recognition You can learn more about intelligent automation from our recent article that . We also composed a comprehensive guide on and . Finally, you can discover more on by visiting our blog. compares IPA to RPA how to start with enterprise automation how much it will cost to implement an RPA solution RPA in finance Want to increase efficiency and cut costs by automating some of your manual insurance processes? ! Our RPA experts will help you select the right automation platform and will customize the solution to cover your unique needs. Drop us a line

RPA in Insurance: Your Complete Guide

Are you a startup? a product company? Or, a mobile app developer who wants to know about app trends? If yes, then in this post you will find this year’s top mobile app development trends that I have jotted down. After working on hundreds of projects in the past years, one thing I can say- if there is something common in every successful mobile application then it is behind it. THE ONE GREAT IDEA However, the meaning of is not the fantastic design that you have thought about or the unique feature you are planning to include in your mobile application. What I mean to say is how much value it’s going to add to your ideas. “the idea” Hence, before you start working on your next mobile application development, you should focus on quality development services and also need to ask yourself questions like - What do you need from your mobile application? What do you need to do to make it work? Who is your audience? What is the best way to develop your mobile application? One simple answer to all these questions is — . It also solves your purpose of having that one great idea for your mobile application. Keep your fingers on the pulse of the mobile app development trends Also Read: 30 Simple Mobile App Ideas for Startups (AI, ML, & AR/VR) I would like to add here is that each mobile application is different and app trends and technologies are always changing and evolving. However, what I’m sharing here is a piece of fairly standard information on the top mobile app trends to follow in 2020. I’ll go into more detail about app trends shortly. Before that, have a look at the worldwide mobile app usage stats. Global mobile application revenues are projected to generate a revenue of $188.9 billion via app stores and in-app advertising. (Refer to the below-given image) According to a region-specific revenue, in 2022, consumers in the USA are projected to spend over $34 billion dollars on mobile apps via app stores. As an expert from a software outsourcing company, I keep myself updated with the mobile app trends. Also, it’s needless to say whether you’re a mobile app developer or you run a business or looking to rent a coder, it’s important for you to stay educated in the mobile space. I’ve narrowed down the top mobile app trends for the year 2020. Here’s what you need to know. App Trend #1 - Blockchain the Game Changer Blockchain is no doubt one of the revolutionary technologies in the current scenario. But why I am calling it a game changer? Blockchain technology has helped so many startups and businesses to create their own blockchain powered apps, smart contracts, and blockchain based software solutions. In 2019, you can’t go on without blockchain. More and more techies and developer’s producing powerful apps and software using blockchain benefits. Here is the worldwide blockchain revenue estimate. Union of Blockchain IoT Blockchain in union with the Internet of Things (IoT) improves the way apps perform by speeding up transactions, reducing risk, and decreasing costs on your development project. Let’s know more about blockchain trends in 2019: Ricardian Contracts A Ricardian contract can be defined as a legal agreement that is agreed and signed upon by both of the parties involved in the contract. It can also be converted into a machine-readable contract that also defines the intentions of the involved parties. And, it’s good to use for your blockchain development related to payment and financial transactions. You can hire mobile app developers to design & develop your application on technologies like blockchain and IoT. Blockchain As A Service (BaaS) Another blockchain solution is BaaS (Blockchain As A Service), it is used by a number of business startups as well as enterprises. Basically, it allows mobile app developers with a way to link up their apps to a cloud-enabled backend space. It also provides features such as — Sending push notifications Managing users on your app Connecting to third-party cloud services Federated Blockchain Federated Blockchain is a popular blockchain trend that focuses on specific use-cases as given below: App Trend #2 — Artificial Intelligence for Your Mobile App Development Strategies Most of us from the developer’s community, have tried deep learning and machine learning for building mobile applications. Apps like , , , , Google Assistant, and IRIS aren’t new to tech developers anymore. FaceApp Replika Cortana Siri In fact, deep Learning when collaborated with machine learning can do wonders to mobile app development project by giving you valuable data and real-time analytics. Some Useful Stats on the Growth of the AI Industry - It is expected that the AI industry will rise up to $40 billion by 2020. ML industry is growing at a rate of 42% and will reach up to $9 billion by 2022. Though AI technology has become a hit launch, you still need to know about its features properly through many of its components. For instance, chatbots will play a more integral role in the deployment of AI technology. For mobile app developers, it’s now easy to integrate chatbots on their website and apps. In coming years, you’ll see chatbots more like the virtual assistants that will feel like you’re talking to a real person. Also Read: 5 Chatbot Ideas Business Should Consider in 2019 AI can also help limit toxicity in by giving the physicians with more suitable treatment options like reinforced learning that follow commands and track any form of cancer. Hire AI/ML developers to build a chatbot for your firm by integrating the features of artificial intelligence. cancer treatment App Trend #2 — VR and AR Will be Deployed Into More Mobile Apps More mobile apps will adapt to augmented reality and virtual reality in 2019. These apps incorporate the real world experience in your mobile application. The best example of an augmented reality mobile application is . Here’s the detail of the features of games- Pokemon Go All elements like grass, trees, sky, people in the game exist in the reality that you can see through your camera. But in reality, all the elements that you see through your device aren’t actually there. Important Stats According to reports, Pokemon Go has generated a revenue of $1.2 billion and was downloaded approx. 752 million times. Around 5 million active users playing Pokemon Go across the globe. It’s better to say that this was really a huge success for this gaming brand. And, that’s why more companies are going to try and use augmented reality and virtual reality apps to drive their mobile application downloads and revenue for their business. App Trend #3 — 5G Technology for Mobile App Developers 5G technology is going to be the most popular app development trend for the year 2019. For mobile app developers, technology is about to transform mobility forever. Thousands of app developers are taking into consideration to enhance the functionality of their apps in relation to data security, speed, 3D gaming, augmented reality and adding new features to their mobile application. 5G mobile technology Development related to these areas will be greatly influenced by 5G. With that said, developers should expect to see more users on their mobile app, as you will provide them with better and faster top-end speeds than ever before. The features such as custom made network slices and ultra-low network latency can help improve your mobile application responsiveness and speed that is something beyond just a slower internet connection. , For example AT&T has recently launched its AT&T 5G Innovation Program to continue to create and develop new customer experiences with the power of 5G. The program is for mobile application developers to bring 5G ideas into experiences of life. I also recommend app developers use 5G network speed when developing and testing their mobile apps. It is important because apps developed exclusively in areas with fast Wi-Fi and high-speed cellular services such as 5G operate satisfactorily for users with limited speed options. App Trend #4 — Instant Apps for Mobile App Development The concept of instant mobile apps is getting more popular day by day. The best part is, instant apps are not only popular among individuals, but businesses also finding them useful because it helps achieve a better conversion rate in comparison to a regular mobile app. iOS and Android app developers For example, apps like Hollar and NYTimes have increased their conversion rate by 20% and 27% respectively by using the instant mobile application. Additionally, top development brands of the gaming industry like and Games have also improved their player acquisition rate by using the Instant mobile application. King Hothead In basic terms, instant mobile apps are the type of native mobile application that you don’t require to download and install on your Android or iOS enabled smartphone. They are smaller in size when compared to regular mobile apps.These apps provide the basic functionalities of a website. Deliver a great user experience does not consume extra space in your phone’s memory. A few more examples of such apps include — and . And, 2019 will have more instant apps emerging for both developers and individuals. Hollar Inc. , New York Times Crossword , Red Bull TV , Wish — Shopping Made Fun , Skyscanner App Trend #5 — IoT Trends In the Sphere of Mobile App Development The Internet of Things for mobile app development has become a big industry that is evolving with time. Using this technology, mobile application developers can create intuitive platforms to control different non-IT equipment via apps. Almost all tech giants have started developing IoT friendly apps. It is expected that the IoT investment will reach $120 billion by 2020. IoT mobile app developers have to select a viable platform for app development. So what should be the best strategy? To help you with this, I have curated a few points here: — The mobile app developers can use the Android platform to create an account that can be connected to Ubidots. By doing so, you’ll be able to push your app on smartphones. Android Ubidots — This platform provides you with the IoT like features for your app development project. Xively — This platform provides you with an advanced level of tools to market your mobile application. Generally, Thingworx is popular because of the following benefits: Thingworx It’s easy to segregate products and services. Support optimization in your business activities.Improve the overall user experience on your mobile app. Help you build and identify new revenue channels. Another best platform for the mobile app developers is the Forester Wave Report that is helpful in creating viable IoT strategies for your app development project. Or it is good to hire mobile app developers to make your app stand out in the app market. App Trend #6 — 2020 the Year of Mobile Wallets In 2019, customers will shift towards m-commerce, as technologies like IoT and decentralized platforms are entering into the mobile payments and powering the mobile apps with more secured transaction options. The brand like Samsung is using mobile wallets to give their customers a more convenient and safe platform for money transaction and bill payments. In addition, encrypted apps ensure the users’ money remains safe from possible theft and vulnerabilities. Mobile wallet app trends are in demand due to internet payment systems that require fast and secured channels for money transactions. Samsung mobile wallet For example, is the best way of making digital transactions for the peer-to-peer money payment system. Apple Pay in iOS 11 Seems a new thing altogether? You can hire Android developers for executing these features. Final Words A million of the mobile apps are present in the play store. You have to face the struggle to stand out in this competitive space. To make your mobile app development successful it is important to keep yourself updated with the latest mobile app development trends and technologies. And I hope that with these points that I’ve shared here give you a complete insight of top mobile development trends to follow in 2020. Also, while it would be a bit difficult for businesses to identify the exact benefits of all these mobile application development trends, and if that’s your case, just reach out to experts of the industry.  Or you can contact top global IT solutions company to work on the creation of your next business application.

Top Mobile App Development Trends of the Year 2020

Crayon Graph, from the Google Founders Collection at the Computer History Museum Preserving a Culture of Innovation In May 1998, angel investor Ron Conway first learned about at Palo Alto’s Empire Tap Room, now closed. On the receipt, he prophetically inscribed “this is going to be huge!” Google This receipt is part of a trove of early artifacts and digital assets coming to the Computer History Museum (CHM) in what’s been dubbed the “Google Founders Collection.” A cornerstone acquisition of CHM’s Exponential Center, dedicated to capturing the legacy and advancing the entrepreneurship and innovation, the collection contains objects, documents, photographs, and video from Google’s first 10 years. future “Google embodies the spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation that the Exponential Center is documenting, interpreting, and sharing with people around the world,” said , executive director of the Exponential Center. “This collection will support the production of many rich lessons of risk-taking, innovation, and bold ideas that will both tell the early Google story and inspire future entrepreneurs.” Marguerite Gong Hancock Other notable artifacts include Google’s first business plan and the “Crayon Graph,” first drawn by Lucas Pereira to track query growth and then added to by other Googlers to highlight milestones and special events. Follow Computer History Museum | Facebook Twitter The initial collection was assembled within Google by VP of Product Management Richard Holden under the leadership of Susan Wojcicki, now CEO of YouTube, who housed Google’s early-stage operation — led by co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin — in her home in Menlo Park, California. (Wojcicki later served as a senior vice president of Google, before moving to YouTube.) Curatorial Director of CHM’s Internet History Program worked closely with Wojcicki and Google, serving as the project’s web historian, and provided essential historical interpretation and scope. Marc Weber “We are delighted to be collaborating with Google to protect and preserve this pivotal part of Silicon Valley history, and grateful to Susan Wojcicki for demonstrating that a culture of preservation within these historic companies can be as important to future generations as a culture of innovation.” — , CEO & President, Computer History Museum John Hollar The Museum’s Collections team will lead the work of cataloging and archiving the collection, which is expected to take a number of years. In continued collaboration with Google, the Museum will also be accepting future artifact donations that are relevant to the startup decade covered by the collection. While the Museum with the Exponential Center may develop future programs based on the collection will not currently be accessible by the public. “The Computer History Museum’s impressive collections and archiving expertise made the Museum a natural choice to preserve the Google Founders Collection. We look forward to collaborating with CHM as the collection expands.” — Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube Establishing a Culture of Preservation This network engineer cap inspired the Cisco cultural tradition of unique hats as give-away items at the company’s yearly users symposium, previously Networkers — now Cisco Live! Center for Cisco Heritage, managed by the Computer History Museum. The Google Founders Collection joins a number of corporate and organization archives preserved or managed by the Museum, including early computing giant Digital Equipment Corporation and social media precursor . These collections comprise early documents, photos, records, media, and artifacts that embody the startup spirit of early Silicon Valley and a budding technology industry. They represent a culture of innovation. Community Memory Most recently, CHM and Cisco, in a groundbreaking collaboration, launched the , which emphasizes the importance of preserving Silicon Valley’s corporate history and presents a new model for open business archives. Led by CHM’s Paula Jabloner and Stephanie Waslohn, the center comprises a collection of artifacts, documents, media, and ephemera — from early campaign posters to some of the company's first products— that tell the story of Cisco’s 30-year history. The three-year project culminated with the exhibit , which opened on March 31, 2017, to the cheers of former and current employees, board members, and executives, including former Cisco CEOs John Chambers and John Morgridge. In 2016 the center became its own LLC, with Museum trustee and Cisco executive Don Proctor as its CEO, and endowed to provide long-term, sustainable preservation. Center for Cisco Heritage Our Story In the coming weeks, the Museum will also release the largest and most complete set of records from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), dating from 1947 through 2002, with the bulk from the company’s years of operation from 1957 through 1998, when they were bought by Compaq Computer. Founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, DEC was one of the most successful computer companies of the 20th century, reaching nearly $14 billion in revenue and over 120,000 employees worldwide. Community Memory terminal at Leopold’s Records, Berkeley, California, ca. 1975. Collection of the Computer History Museum, Community Memory records, Box 12, Folder 15, Catalog . 102703229

“This Is Going to Be Huge”: Google Founders Collection Comes to Computer History Museum

Media Slant is Contagious: What We Can Conclude From This

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Award Form and Content III. Electronic Signatures, Writing Requirement, and Authentication A. Is it possible for an Arbitrator o Digitally Sign an Arbitral Award
B. How could an Electronic Award be Considered to be "In Writing"
C. Could a Multisig E-Award be Duly Authenticated IV. Can Multisig Arbitration be Seen as an Autonomous Legal Order? V. Conclusion Appendix A: Multisig Transaction on Bitcoin Testnet Example Appendix B: Breakdown of BTC Stored in 2/3 Multisig Accounts B. HOW COULD AN ELECTRONIC AWARD BE CONSIDERED TO BE “IN WRITING?” Many jurisdictions have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce or similar laws[32], which view electronic records as valid and enforceable[33]. Where a law, or a legal obligation, requires information to be evidenced “in writing,” this requirement can be met by an electronic record if the information contained therein is subsequently retrievable at a later time[34]. Furthermore, an electronic record could be considered to be “original” if: (a) there is reliable assurance of the integrity of the information from the time when it was first generated and (b) the information is capable of being represented[35]. For the United Kingdom, under Section 7(c)(2) of the ECA 2000, an “electronic document” is defined as anything stored in electronic form, including text, and Section 7(c)(1), states that in any legal proceedings, an electronic document is admissible as evidence if it relates to the authenticity of an electronic transaction. Black's Law Dictionary defines a transaction as “[t]he act or an instance of conducting business or other dealings; esp., the formation, performance, or discharge of a contract[36].” The definition of a transaction is broad enough to include raw data of a multisig transaction. The data results from the execution of a contractual obligation of multisig participants. Furthermore, the multisig transaction is made up of hexadecimal data with digits from 0 to 9 and characters A to F to represent 16 possible values[37]. If a single number or letter is converted to a different value, the TXID will be changed and the altered TXID would not be found in a blockchain explorer. The raw transaction data is a unique value that is validated as a true transaction by many computers in a network, in a sense, raw transaction data is more temper-resistant than traditional paper awards. The integrity of raw transaction data is reliably assured from the time when it is first committed to a block and the information is represented in a complete and unaltered state in a permanent distributed ledger. As such, a party attempting to prove the existence of an award can introduce the raw data as evidence to establish the authenticity of a multisig transaction. Thus, like electronic signatures, a court may hold that the raw data of a multisig transaction is compelling proof to establish the existence of an award that has the functional equivalence of an award in writing. Author:
(1) A.J. Santos, B.A. (UTSA), J.D. (STCL), Department of Private International Law, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Law (ajsantos@protonmail.com). This paper is available on arxiv under ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license. [32] 72 States and a total of 151 jurisdictions have adopted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998 <https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_commerce/ status> l.a.d. 04/17/2019. In the United States, the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) follows a similar approach of the Model Law. [33] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 5. [34] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 6. [35] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 8. [36] Garner, Bryan A. (Editor) (2009) Black's Law Dictionary, 9. Edition, Eagan, West. [37] Bryant, Randal E./O’Hallaron, David R (2015) Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, 3. Edition, London, Pearson. In C programming language, letters could be written in upper or lower case. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Award Form and Content II. Award Form and Content III. Electronic Signatures, Writing Requirement, and Authentication A. Is it possible for an Arbitrator o Digitally Sign an Arbitral Award B. How could an Electronic Award be Considered to be "In Writing" C. Could a Multisig E-Award be Duly Authenticated A. Is it possible for an Arbitrator o Digitally Sign an Arbitral Award A. Is it possible for an Arbitrator o Digitally Sign an Arbitral Award B. How could an Electronic Award be Considered to be "In Writing" B. How could an Electronic Award be Considered to be "In Writing" C. Could a Multisig E-Award be Duly Authenticated C. Could a Multisig E-Award be Duly Authenticated IV. Can Multisig Arbitration be Seen as an Autonomous Legal Order? IV. Can Multisig Arbitration be Seen as an Autonomous Legal Order? V. Conclusion V. Conclusion Appendix A : Multisig Transaction on Bitcoin Testnet Example Appendix A Appendix A : Multisig Transaction on Bitcoin Testnet Example Appendix B : Breakdown of BTC Stored in 2/3 Multisig Accounts Appendix B Appendix B : Breakdown of BTC Stored in 2/3 Multisig Accounts B. HOW COULD AN ELECTRONIC AWARD BE CONSIDERED TO BE “IN WRITING?” Many jurisdictions have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce or similar laws[32], which view electronic records as valid and enforceable[33]. Where a law, or a legal obligation, requires information to be evidenced “in writing,” this requirement can be met by an electronic record if the information contained therein is subsequently retrievable at a later time[34]. Furthermore, an electronic record could be considered to be “original” if: (a) there is reliable assurance of the integrity of the information from the time when it was first generated and (b) the information is capable of being represented[35]. For the United Kingdom, under Section 7(c)(2) of the ECA 2000, an “electronic document” is defined as anything stored in electronic form, including text, and Section 7(c)(1), states that in any legal proceedings, an electronic document is admissible as evidence if it relates to the authenticity of an electronic transaction. Black's Law Dictionary defines a transaction as “[t]he act or an instance of conducting business or other dealings; esp., the formation, performance, or discharge of a contract[36].” The definition of a transaction is broad enough to include raw data of a multisig transaction. The data results from the execution of a contractual obligation of multisig participants. Furthermore, the multisig transaction is made up of hexadecimal data with digits from 0 to 9 and characters A to F to represent 16 possible values[37]. If a single number or letter is converted to a different value, the TXID will be changed and the altered TXID would not be found in a blockchain explorer. The raw transaction data is a unique value that is validated as a true transaction by many computers in a network, in a sense, raw transaction data is more temper-resistant than traditional paper awards. The integrity of raw transaction data is reliably assured from the time when it is first committed to a block and the information is represented in a complete and unaltered state in a permanent distributed ledger. As such, a party attempting to prove the existence of an award can introduce the raw data as evidence to establish the authenticity of a multisig transaction. Thus, like electronic signatures, a court may hold that the raw data of a multisig transaction is compelling proof to establish the existence of an award that has the functional equivalence of an award in writing. Author: (1) A.J. Santos, B.A. (UTSA), J.D. (STCL), Department of Private International Law, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Law (ajsantos@protonmail.com). Author: Author: (1) A.J. Santos, B.A. (UTSA), J.D. (STCL), Department of Private International Law, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Law (ajsantos@protonmail.com). This paper is available on arxiv under ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license. This paper is available on arxiv under ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license. available on arxiv available on arxiv [32] 72 States and a total of 151 jurisdictions have adopted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998 < https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_commerce/ status> l.a.d. 04/17/2019. In the United States, the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) follows a similar approach of the Model Law. https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_commerce/ [33] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 5. [34] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 6. [35] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), Article 8. [36] Garner, Bryan A. (Editor) (2009) Black's Law Dictionary, 9. Edition, Eagan, West. [37] Bryant, Randal E./O’Hallaron, David R (2015) Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, 3. Edition, London, Pearson. In C programming language, letters could be written in upper or lower case.

Is Raw Blockchain Data Legally Equivalent to a Written Award?

Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Temporal Hierarchies 4 Rating Maps 5 Optimal Imprints for TL(AT) 6 Conclusion and References Appendix A. Appendix to Section 2 & Appendix B. Appendix to Section 3 Appendix C. Appendix to Section 4 & Appendix D. Appendix to Section 5 6. Conclusion We defined temporal hierarchies using the unary temporal logic operator C 7→ TL(C). We looked at the bases G and G + when G is a group prevariety. In this case, we proved that the corresponding hierarchies are always strict and we compared them with the corresponding concatenation hierarchies. Moreover, we proved that if G has decidable separation, then membership is decidable for levels one and two in both hierarchies. Our main theorem yields a stronger result for the particular bases ST and DD = ST+. Indeed, it implies that level two in both hierarchies has decidable covering. In turn, this implies that level three has decidable membership. References [1] Mustapha Arfi. Polynomial operations on rational languages. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’87, volume 247 of Lect. Notes Comp. Sci., pages 198–206. Springer, 1987. [2] Mustapha Arfi. Operations polynomiales et hierarchies de concatenation. Theoretical Computer Science, 91(1):71–84, 1991. [3] Christopher J. Ash. Inevitable graphs: a proof of the type II conjecture and some related decision procedures. International Journal of Algebra and Computation, 1(1):127–146, 1991. [4] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Rina S. Cohen. Dot-depth of star-free events. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 5(1):1–16, 1971. [5] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Robert Knast. The dot-depth hierarchy of star-free languages is infinite. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 16(1):37–55, 1978. [6] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Imre Simon. Characterizations of locally testable events. Discrete Mathematics, 4(3):243–271, 1973. [7] Laura Chaubard, Jean Eric Pin, and Howard Straubing. First order formulas with modular predicates. In ´ Proceedings of the 21th IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS’06), pages 211–220, 2006. [8] Luc Dartois and Charles Paperman. Two-variable first order logic with modular predicates over words. In Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’13, volume 20 of Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 329–340. Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2013. [9] Manuel Delgado. Abelian poinlikes of a monoid. Semigroup Forum, 56(3):339–361, 1998. [10] Kousha Etessami, Moshe Y. Vardi, and Thomas Wilke. First-order logic with two variables and unary temporal logic. Information and Computation, 179(2):279–295, 2002. [11] Hans W. Kamp. Tense Logic and the Theory of Linear Order. Phd thesis, Computer Science Department, University of California at Los Angeles, USA, 1968. [12] Robert Knast. A semigroup characterization of dot-depth one languages. RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications, 17(4):321–330, 1983. [13] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. Two-variable logic with a between relation. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’16, pages 106–115, 2016. [14] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. An algebraic decision procedure for two-variable logic with a between relation. In 27th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic, CSL’18, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs). Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2018. [15] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. Two-variable logics with some betweenness relations: Expressiveness, satisfiability and membership. Logical Methods in Computer Science, 16(3), 2020. [16] Manfred Kufleitner and Tobias Walter. One quantifier alternation in first-order logic with modular predicates. RAIRO Theorerical Informatics and Applications, 49(1):1–22, 2015. [17] Alexis Maciel, Pierre P´eladeau, and Denis Th´erien. Programs over semigroups of dot-depth one. Theoretical Computer Science, 245(1):135–148, 2000. [18] Stuart W. Margolis and Jean-Eric Pin. Products of group languages. In ´ FCT’85. Springer, 1985. [19] Robert McNaughton and Seymour A. Papert. Counter-Free Automata. MIT Press, 1971. [20] Jean-Eric Pin. An explicit formula for the intersection of two polynomials of regular languages. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Developments in Language Theory, DLT’13, volume 7907 of Lect. Notes Comp. Sci., pages 31–45. Springer, 2013. [21] Jean-Eric Pin and Pascal Weil. Polynomial closure and unambiguous product. Theory of Computing Systems, 30(4):383–422, 1997. [22] Jean-Eric Pin and Howard Straubing. Monoids of upper triangular boolean matrices. In ´ Semigroups. Structure and Universal Algebraic Problems, volume 39, pages 259–272. North-Holland, 1985. [23] Thomas Place. The amazing mixed polynomial closure and its applications to two-variable first-order logic. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’22, 2022. [24] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Separation and the successor relation. In 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’15, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 662–675. Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2015. [25] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. The covering problem. Logical Methods in Computer Science, 14(3), 2018. [26] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Generic results for concatenation hierarchies. Theory of Computing Systems (ToCS), 63(4):849–901, 2019. Selected papers from CSR’17. [27] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Going higher in first-order quantifier alternation hierarchies on words. Journal of the ACM, 66(2):12:1–12:65, 2019. [28] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Separation and covering for group based concatenation hierarchies. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’19, pages 1–13. IEEE Computer Society, 2019. [29] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Adding successor: A transfer theorem for separation and covering. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 21(2):9:1–9:45, 2020. [30] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. A generic polynomial time approach to separation by first-order logic without quantifier alternation. In 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, FSTTCS 2022, December 18-20, 2022, IIT Madras, Chennai, India, volume 250 of LIPIcs, pages 43:1–43:22. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f¨ur Informatik, 2022. [31] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. All about unambiguous polynomial closure. TheoretiCS, 2(11):1–74, 2023. [32] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Group separation strikes back. In 38th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’23, pages 1–13. IEEE Computer Society, 2023. [33] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. On all things star-free. Journal, to appear, 2023. [34] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. A generic characterization of generalized unary temporal logic and two-variable first-order logic. In Proceedings of the 32nd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic, CSL’24, 2024. [35] Marcel Paul Sch¨utzenberger. On finite monoids having only trivial subgroups. Information and Control, 8(2):190– 194, 1965. [36] Marcel Paul Sch¨utzenberger. Sur le produit de concat´enation non ambigu. Semigroup Forum, 13:47–75, 1976. [37] Imre Simon. Piecewise testable events. In Proceedings of the 2nd GI Conference on Automata Theory and Formal Languages, pages 214–222. Springer, 1975. [38] Howard Straubing. A generalization of the sch¨utzenberger product of finite monoids. Theoretical Computer Science, 13(2):137–150, 1981. [39] Howard Straubing. Finite semigroup varieties of the form V ∗ D. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 36:53–94, 1985. [40] Denis Th´erien. Classification of finite monoids: The language approach. Theoretical Computer Science, 14(2):195– 208, 1981. [41] Gabriel Thierrin. Permutation automata. Theory of Computing Systems, 2(1):83–90, 1968. [42] Wolfgang Thomas. Classifying regular events in symbolic logic. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 25(3):360–376, 1982. [43] Denis Therien and Thomas Wilke. Over words, two variables are as powerful as one quantifier alternation. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC’98, pages 234–240, New York, NY, USA, 1998. ACM. [44] Yechezkel Zalcstein. Locally testable languages. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 6(2):151–167, 1972. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors:
(1) Thomas Place;
(2) Marc Zaitoun. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2 Preliminaries 3 Temporal Hierarchies 3 Temporal Hierarchies 4 Rating Maps 4 Rating Maps 5 Optimal Imprints for TL(AT) 5 Optimal Imprints for TL(AT) 6 Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion and References Appendix A. Appendix to Section 2 & Appendix B. Appendix to Section 3 Appendix A. Appendix to Section 2 & Appendix B. Appendix to Section 3 Appendix C. Appendix to Section 4 & Appendix D. Appendix to Section 5 Appendix C. Appendix to Section 4 & Appendix D. Appendix to Section 5 6. Conclusion We defined temporal hierarchies using the unary temporal logic operator C 7→ TL(C). We looked at the bases G and G + when G is a group prevariety. In this case, we proved that the corresponding hierarchies are always strict and we compared them with the corresponding concatenation hierarchies. Moreover, we proved that if G has decidable separation, then membership is decidable for levels one and two in both hierarchies. Our main theorem yields a stronger result for the particular bases ST and DD = ST+. Indeed, it implies that level two in both hierarchies has decidable covering. In turn, this implies that level three has decidable membership. References [1] Mustapha Arfi. Polynomial operations on rational languages. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’87, volume 247 of Lect. Notes Comp. Sci., pages 198–206. Springer, 1987. [2] Mustapha Arfi. Operations polynomiales et hierarchies de concatenation. Theoretical Computer Science, 91(1):71–84, 1991. [3] Christopher J. Ash. Inevitable graphs: a proof of the type II conjecture and some related decision procedures. International Journal of Algebra and Computation, 1(1):127–146, 1991. [4] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Rina S. Cohen. Dot-depth of star-free events. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 5(1):1–16, 1971. [5] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Robert Knast. The dot-depth hierarchy of star-free languages is infinite. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 16(1):37–55, 1978. [6] Janusz A. Brzozowski and Imre Simon. Characterizations of locally testable events. Discrete Mathematics, 4(3):243–271, 1973. [7] Laura Chaubard, Jean Eric Pin, and Howard Straubing. First order formulas with modular predicates. In ´ Proceedings of the 21th IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS’06), pages 211–220, 2006. [8] Luc Dartois and Charles Paperman. Two-variable first order logic with modular predicates over words. In Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’13, volume 20 of Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 329–340. Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2013. [9] Manuel Delgado. Abelian poinlikes of a monoid. Semigroup Forum, 56(3):339–361, 1998. [10] Kousha Etessami, Moshe Y. Vardi, and Thomas Wilke. First-order logic with two variables and unary temporal logic. Information and Computation, 179(2):279–295, 2002. [11] Hans W. Kamp. Tense Logic and the Theory of Linear Order. Phd thesis, Computer Science Department, University of California at Los Angeles, USA, 1968. [12] Robert Knast. A semigroup characterization of dot-depth one languages. RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications, 17(4):321–330, 1983. [13] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. Two-variable logic with a between relation. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’16, pages 106–115, 2016. [14] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. An algebraic decision procedure for two-variable logic with a between relation. In 27th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic, CSL’18, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs). Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2018. [15] Andreas Krebs, Kamal Lodaya, Paritosh K. Pandya, and Howard Straubing. Two-variable logics with some betweenness relations: Expressiveness, satisfiability and membership. Logical Methods in Computer Science, 16(3), 2020. [16] Manfred Kufleitner and Tobias Walter. One quantifier alternation in first-order logic with modular predicates. RAIRO Theorerical Informatics and Applications, 49(1):1–22, 2015. [17] Alexis Maciel, Pierre P´eladeau, and Denis Th´erien. Programs over semigroups of dot-depth one. Theoretical Computer Science, 245(1):135–148, 2000. [18] Stuart W. Margolis and Jean-Eric Pin. Products of group languages. In ´ FCT’85. Springer, 1985. [19] Robert McNaughton and Seymour A. Papert. Counter-Free Automata. MIT Press, 1971. [20] Jean-Eric Pin. An explicit formula for the intersection of two polynomials of regular languages. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Developments in Language Theory, DLT’13, volume 7907 of Lect. Notes Comp. Sci., pages 31–45. Springer, 2013. [21] Jean-Eric Pin and Pascal Weil. Polynomial closure and unambiguous product. Theory of Computing Systems, 30(4):383–422, 1997. [22] Jean-Eric Pin and Howard Straubing. Monoids of upper triangular boolean matrices. In ´ Semigroups. Structure and Universal Algebraic Problems, volume 39, pages 259–272. North-Holland, 1985. [23] Thomas Place. The amazing mixed polynomial closure and its applications to two-variable first-order logic. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’22, 2022. [24] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Separation and the successor relation. In 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS’15, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 662–675. Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2015. [25] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. The covering problem. Logical Methods in Computer Science, 14(3), 2018. [26] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Generic results for concatenation hierarchies. Theory of Computing Systems (ToCS), 63(4):849–901, 2019. Selected papers from CSR’17. [27] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Going higher in first-order quantifier alternation hierarchies on words. Journal of the ACM, 66(2):12:1–12:65, 2019. [28] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Separation and covering for group based concatenation hierarchies. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’19, pages 1–13. IEEE Computer Society, 2019. [29] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Adding successor: A transfer theorem for separation and covering. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 21(2):9:1–9:45, 2020. [30] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. A generic polynomial time approach to separation by first-order logic without quantifier alternation. In 42nd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, FSTTCS 2022, December 18-20, 2022, IIT Madras, Chennai, India, volume 250 of LIPIcs, pages 43:1–43:22. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f¨ur Informatik, 2022. [31] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. All about unambiguous polynomial closure. TheoretiCS, 2(11):1–74, 2023. [32] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. Group separation strikes back. In 38th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS’23, pages 1–13. IEEE Computer Society, 2023. [33] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. On all things star-free. Journal, to appear, 2023. [34] Thomas Place and Marc Zeitoun. A generic characterization of generalized unary temporal logic and two-variable first-order logic. In Proceedings of the 32nd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic, CSL’24, 2024. [35] Marcel Paul Sch¨utzenberger. On finite monoids having only trivial subgroups. Information and Control, 8(2):190– 194, 1965. [36] Marcel Paul Sch¨utzenberger. Sur le produit de concat´enation non ambigu. Semigroup Forum, 13:47–75, 1976. [37] Imre Simon. Piecewise testable events. In Proceedings of the 2nd GI Conference on Automata Theory and Formal Languages, pages 214–222. Springer, 1975. [38] Howard Straubing. A generalization of the sch¨utzenberger product of finite monoids. Theoretical Computer Science, 13(2):137–150, 1981. [39] Howard Straubing. Finite semigroup varieties of the form V ∗ D. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 36:53–94, 1985. [40] Denis Th´erien. Classification of finite monoids: The language approach. Theoretical Computer Science, 14(2):195– 208, 1981. [41] Gabriel Thierrin. Permutation automata. Theory of Computing Systems, 2(1):83–90, 1968. [42] Wolfgang Thomas. Classifying regular events in symbolic logic. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 25(3):360–376, 1982. [43] Denis Therien and Thomas Wilke. Over words, two variables are as powerful as one quantifier alternation. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC’98, pages 234–240, New York, NY, USA, 1998. ACM. [44] Yechezkel Zalcstein. Locally testable languages. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 6(2):151–167, 1972. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Thomas Place; (2) Marc Zaitoun. Authors: Authors: (1) Thomas Place; (2) Marc Zaitoun.

Defining Temporal Hierarchies and How We Proved That Corresponding Hierarchies Are Always Strict

DeepSee: Making It Easier to Analyze and Explore Ocean Data for Future Research

How DeepSee Is Changing the Way Scientists Use Data in the Field

Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Studying Deep Ocean Ecosystem and 4.1 Deep Ocean Research Goals 4.2 Workflow and Data 4.3 Design Challenges and User Tasks 5 The DeepSea System 5.1 Map View
5.2 Core View 5.3 Interpolation View and 5.4 Implementation 6 Usage Scenarios and 6.1 Scenario: Pre-Cruise Planning 6.2 Scenario: On-the-Fly Decision-Making 7 Evaluation and 7.1 Cruise Deployment 7.2 Expert Interviews 7.3 Limitations 7.4 Lessons Learned 8 Conclusions and Future Work, Acknowledgments, and References 7.3 Limitations Several data wrangling and analysis limitations were expressed during the interviews. A common issue discussed was prerequisite knowledge needed to format the data; e.g., P5 faced challenges “inputting DNA sequence information. Knowing how to input data and the centralization of that data is challenging. It’s often that one person ends up inputting data.” While combining multiple data types in a single interface was a design goal, P1 lamented a reduction in dimensionality: “Certain data types might have different data descriptions and having multiple columns and reshaping tables is a challenge... Do I want to try to fit existing data into a certain tool like DeepSee?” P1 also wanted taxonomic data stratified hierarchically, a feature common to many biological analysis systems: “There could be very rare individual units that are technically different taxa. This creates very sparse data where abundance is very small for most of the columns. We needed a way to pick and find different subsets of taxa based on those hierarchies.” Finally, P4 wanted to see “a photo or snapshot of what a core actually looked like. An in-situ photo would allow a person to see what the sea floor looked like, what other cores were around it.” The Interpolation View provided a contextualized way to view the data, as most other similar programs visualize gradients in 2D without spatial context between the sampled cores. However, there was a lack of confidence in the accuracy of the interpolation methods, as natural neighbors and linear gradients are unlikely to reflect spatially heterogeneous in-situ environmental processes. Similarly, distance to the nearest sample as a proxy for uncertainty was not accurate enough to use for in-situ decision making. Still, P2 suggested potential applications of Value-Suppressing Uncertainty Palettes (VSUPs) [11] in the future as the team develops more accurate uncertainty quantification: “We can see where the data is not strong and potentially sample to strengthen our predictions.” Specifically, the researchers noted that the modular nature of DeepSee will make incorporating more sophisticated interpolation methods (e.g., a Gaussian process such as Kriging [36]) and uncertainty measures (e.g., variance in the posterior predictive distribution of the Gaussian process) in the future straightforward. One deployment goal that was not validated during DeepSee’s maiden expedition was whether data could be input in real time to visualize, as many of the relevant geochemical and biological parameters could not be measured while on the cruise, requiring further analysis on land. P3 reflected on this challenge, saying: “We talked about using DeepSee on the fly during the research expedition to load data right away. So far, that’s been impractical. We don’t have geochem or bio data to put in DeepSee while at sea. We also haven’t had a cruise to test whether these challenges were due to personnel on board or based on limitations with the DeepSee interface. Everyone was overextended on the expedition and no one had time to do additional data entry on the computer.” However, the team felt this helped them understand the time and energy allotment needed to use DeepSee for real-time data integration and visualization. P3 further discussed how they envision DeepSee being used on future cruises: “In the future, we’ll have a full team of scientists, and we’ll also have a manned submersible taking cores... We’ll have time to load the day’s cores into DeepSee to help plan for the next day... The important objective is having more people to do the same number of tasks... I could see this becoming one of the evening tasks: take the day’s coordinates and load them into DeepSee.” We synthesize design guidance for supporting real-time decision making shipboard in the next section. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors:
(1) Adam Coscia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (acoscia6@gatech.edu);
(2) Haley M. Sapers, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hsapers@caltech.edu);
(3) Noah Deutsch, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (ndeutsch@mde.harvard.edu);
(4) Malika Khurana, The New York Times Company, New York, New York, USA (malika.khurana@nytimes.com);
(5) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (jmagyar@caltech.edu);
(6) Sergio A. Parra, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (sparra@caltech.edu);
(7) Daniel R. Utter, rwipfler@caltech.edu Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (dutter@caltech.edu);
(8) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (rwipfler@caltech.edu);
(9) David W. Caress, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (caress@mbari.org);
(10) Eric J. Martin Jennifer B. Paduan Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (emartin@mbari.org);
(11) Jennifer B. Paduan, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (paje@mbari.org);
(12) Maggie Hendrie, ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, California, USA (maggie.hendrie@artcenter.edu);
(13) Santiago Lombeyda, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (santiago@caltech.edu);
(14) Hillary Mushkin, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hmushkin@caltech.edu);
(15) Alex Endert, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (endert@gatech.edu);
(16) Scott Davidoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (scott.davidoff@jpl.nasa.gov);
(17) Victoria J. Orphan, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (vorphan@caltech.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3 Methodology 4 Studying Deep Ocean Ecosystem and 4.1 Deep Ocean Research Goals 4 Studying Deep Ocean Ecosystem and 4.1 Deep Ocean Research Goals 4.2 Workflow and Data 4.2 Workflow and Data 4.3 Design Challenges and User Tasks 4.3 Design Challenges and User Tasks 5 The DeepSea System 5 The DeepSea System 5.1 Map View 5.2 Core View 5.1 Map View 5.2 Core View 5.3 Interpolation View and 5.4 Implementation 5.3 Interpolation View and 5.4 Implementation 6 Usage Scenarios and 6.1 Scenario: Pre-Cruise Planning 6 Usage Scenarios and 6.1 Scenario: Pre-Cruise Planning 6.2 Scenario: On-the-Fly Decision-Making 6.2 Scenario: On-the-Fly Decision-Making 7 Evaluation and 7.1 Cruise Deployment 7 Evaluation and 7.1 Cruise Deployment 7.2 Expert Interviews 7.2 Expert Interviews 7.3 Limitations 7.3 Limitations 7.4 Lessons Learned 7.4 Lessons Learned 8 Conclusions and Future Work, Acknowledgments, and References 8 Conclusions and Future Work, Acknowledgments, and References 7.3 Limitations Several data wrangling and analysis limitations were expressed during the interviews. A common issue discussed was prerequisite knowledge needed to format the data; e.g., P5 faced challenges “inputting DNA sequence information. Knowing how to input data and the centralization of that data is challenging. It’s often that one person ends up inputting data.” While combining multiple data types in a single interface was a design goal, P1 lamented a reduction in dimensionality: “Certain data types might have different data descriptions and having multiple columns and reshaping tables is a challenge... Do I want to try to fit existing data into a certain tool like DeepSee?” P1 also wanted taxonomic data stratified hierarchically, a feature common to many biological analysis systems: “There could be very rare individual units that are technically different taxa. This creates very sparse data where abundance is very small for most of the columns. We needed a way to pick and find different subsets of taxa based on those hierarchies.” Finally, P4 wanted to see “a photo or snapshot of what a core actually looked like. An in-situ photo would allow a person to see what the sea floor looked like, what other cores were around it.” “inputting DNA sequence information. Knowing how to input data and the centralization of that data is challenging. It’s often that one person ends up inputting data.” “Certain data types might have different data descriptions and having multiple columns and reshaping tables is a challenge... Do I want to try to fit existing data into a certain tool like DeepSee?” “There could be very rare individual units that are technically different taxa. This creates very sparse data where abundance is very small for most of the columns. We needed a way to pick and find different subsets of taxa based on those hierarchies.” “a photo or snapshot of what a core actually looked like. An in-situ photo would allow a person to see what the sea floor looked like, what other cores were around it.” The Interpolation View provided a contextualized way to view the data, as most other similar programs visualize gradients in 2D without spatial context between the sampled cores. However, there was a lack of confidence in the accuracy of the interpolation methods, as natural neighbors and linear gradients are unlikely to reflect spatially heterogeneous in-situ environmental processes. Similarly, distance to the nearest sample as a proxy for uncertainty was not accurate enough to use for in-situ decision making. Still, P2 suggested potential applications of Value-Suppressing Uncertainty Palettes (VSUPs) [11] in the future as the team develops more accurate uncertainty quantification: “We can see where the data is not strong and potentially sample to strengthen our predictions.” Specifically, the researchers noted that the modular nature of DeepSee will make incorporating more sophisticated interpolation methods (e.g., a Gaussian process such as Kriging [36]) and uncertainty measures (e.g., variance in the posterior predictive distribution of the Gaussian process) in the future straightforward. Interpolation View “We can see where the data is not strong and potentially sample to strengthen our predictions.” DeepSee One deployment goal that was not validated during DeepSee’s maiden expedition was whether data could be input in real time to visualize, as many of the relevant geochemical and biological parameters could not be measured while on the cruise, requiring further analysis on land. P3 reflected on this challenge, saying: “We talked about using DeepSee on the fly during the research expedition to load data right away. So far, that’s been impractical. We don’t have geochem or bio data to put in DeepSee while at sea. We also haven’t had a cruise to test whether these challenges were due to personnel on board or based on limitations with the DeepSee interface. Everyone was overextended on the expedition and no one had time to do additional data entry on the computer. ” However, the team felt this helped them understand the time and energy allotment needed to use DeepSee for real-time data integration and visualization. P3 further discussed how they envision DeepSee being used on future cruises: “In the future, we’ll have a full team of scientists, and we’ll also have a manned submersible taking cores... We’ll have time to load the day’s cores into DeepSee to help plan for the next day... The important objective is having more people to do the same number of tasks... I could see this becoming one of the evening tasks: take the day’s coordinates and load them into DeepSee.” We synthesize design guidance for supporting real-time decision making shipboard in the next section. “We talked about using DeepSee on the fly during the research expedition to load data right away. So far, that’s been impractical. We don’t have geochem or bio data to put in DeepSee while at sea. We also haven’t had a cruise to test whether these challenges were due to personnel on board or based on limitations with the DeepSee interface. Everyone was overextended on the expedition and no one had time to do additional data entry on the computer. DeepSee “In the future, we’ll have a full team of scientists, and we’ll also have a manned submersible taking cores... We’ll have time to load the day’s cores into DeepSee to help plan for the next day... The important objective is having more people to do the same number of tasks... I could see this becoming one of the evening tasks: take the day’s coordinates and load them into DeepSee.” This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Adam Coscia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (acoscia6@gatech.edu); (2) Haley M. Sapers, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hsapers@caltech.edu); (3) Noah Deutsch, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (ndeutsch@mde.harvard.edu); (4) Malika Khurana, The New York Times Company, New York, New York, USA (malika.khurana@nytimes.com); (5) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (jmagyar@caltech.edu); (6) Sergio A. Parra, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (sparra@caltech.edu); (7) Daniel R. Utter, rwipfler@caltech.edu Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (dutter@caltech.edu); (8) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (rwipfler@caltech.edu); (9) David W. Caress, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (caress@mbari.org); (10) Eric J. Martin Jennifer B. Paduan Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (emartin@mbari.org); (11) Jennifer B. Paduan, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (paje@mbari.org); (12) Maggie Hendrie, ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, California, USA (maggie.hendrie@artcenter.edu); (13) Santiago Lombeyda, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (santiago@caltech.edu); (14) Hillary Mushkin, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hmushkin@caltech.edu); (15) Alex Endert, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (endert@gatech.edu); (16) Scott Davidoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (scott.davidoff@jpl.nasa.gov); (17) Victoria J. Orphan, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (vorphan@caltech.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Adam Coscia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (acoscia6@gatech.edu); (2) Haley M. Sapers, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hsapers@caltech.edu); (3) Noah Deutsch, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (ndeutsch@mde.harvard.edu); (4) Malika Khurana, The New York Times Company, New York, New York, USA (malika.khurana@nytimes.com); (5) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (jmagyar@caltech.edu); (6) Sergio A. Parra, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (sparra@caltech.edu); (7) Daniel R. Utter, rwipfler@caltech.edu Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (dutter@caltech.edu); (8) John S. Magyar, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA (rwipfler@caltech.edu); (9) David W. Caress, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (caress@mbari.org); (10) Eric J. Martin Jennifer B. Paduan Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (emartin@mbari.org); (11) Jennifer B. Paduan, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA (paje@mbari.org); (12) Maggie Hendrie, ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, California, USA (maggie.hendrie@artcenter.edu); (13) Santiago Lombeyda, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (santiago@caltech.edu); (14) Hillary Mushkin, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (hmushkin@caltech.edu); (15) Alex Endert, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (endert@gatech.edu); (16) Scott Davidoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (scott.davidoff@jpl.nasa.gov); (17) Victoria J. Orphan, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA (vorphan@caltech.edu).

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