This week's launch of the new "data availability" network Celestia came with an airdrop of the project's TIA tokens, one of the most anticipated giveaways in the crypto industry of the past year.

How a Ph.D. Student's Research Paper Turned Celestia Into $345M Blockchain Project Overnight

Ethena’s utilization of Ethereum as a foundation for its derivative infrastructure ensures a secure and decentralized environment, crucial for the creation and management of synthetic assets. This amalgamation facilitates a seamless interaction between ...

Exploring the Potential of Staking Ether with Ethena

The rivalry between XRP (XRP) and Ethereum (ETH) has been heating up recently as both tokens jostle for dominance in … Continued

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The Motley Fool is a financial services company dedicated to making the world smarter, happier, and richer. The Motley Fool reaches millions

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The Starknet Foundation has allocated 50 million Starknet (STRK) tokens to its Early Community Member Program. Starknet is an Ethereum L2 platform.

Starknet Foundation announces 50M STRK reward program for early ecosystem contributors

The Starknet Foundation has taken a step to acknowledge the early contributors to its network by allocating 50 million STRK tokens. This gesture comes

Starknet Foundation Rewards Early Contributors with STRK Tokens before Trading Unlock

Why Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin Are Falling Today – The Motley Fool

YdX, a significant decentralized exchange (DEX), has officially transitioned from its Ethereum base to launch its native chain. This marks the first instance

dYdX Chain takes DeFi to new horizons with native blockchain launch

The foundation, formed in November 2022 after the initial developer StarkWare minted 10 billion STRK tokens, is now awarding early contributors to the Ethereum layer-2 network – even though they're locked for trading at least until next April.

Starknet Foundation Showers STRK Tokens on Contributors, Though They're Not Trading Yet

Ethereum Foundation

ethereumfoundation

Trader Loses $26M in ezETH Tokens: Media Blames User, Hacker Calls Out ERC-20 Flaws

Trader mister $26M i ezETH-tokens: Media Blames User, Hacker Call Out ERC-20 Flaws

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How to Monitor Blockchain Transactions in Realtime With dRPC and Web3.js

Sachin Kumar is Keeping Blockchain Honest With Smart Contracts That Respect Your Essential Right to Privacy The blockchain runs on codes and contracts, passing information and valuable data through processes that execute when certain conditions are met. It needs to be simplified to be understood in brief. Fortunately, experts like Sachin Kumar have invested years of passion into ensuring it all works to your advantage and even place value on your right to privacy. Something that zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and smart contracts are best at. Why ZKPs Are Integral in Advancing the Blockchain When people talk about crypto, they talk about blockchain technology, which increasingly means smart contracts. This represents a technological progression. Smart contracts are agreements that execute automatically when their conditions are met, and those can be sales, transfers, or other deals. A ZKP can trigger a smart contract without providing identifying information about the trigger, allowing people (and systems) to conduct business without sacrificing their privacy and security. It's next-generation internet security, and even if you don't deal with blockchains, you want this to be robust for the sake of the global economy. Thanks go to Sachin Kumar, one of the figures who ensured that ZKPs became the integral security feature they've become. Beginning with a fellowship from the University of California and the OpenMined nonprofit, Kumar turned his "Deep-seated belief in privacy as a fundamental human right" into a passion for applied cryptography that would shape the development of smart contracts and ZKPs. The Invention of zkp2p: Applying Cryptography to Smart Contracts While developing smart contracts between 2021 and 2023, Kumar began work on zkp2p. This open-source project would benefit from grants from the Ethereum Foundation. In 2023, Kumar will co-found P2P Labs Inc. to continue advancing this privacy-centric technology. A peer-to-peer solution that embodies the principles of "trust minimization, speed, and accessibility," says Kumar, who explains that zkp2p was "conceived to address the need for reliable and efficient digital currency exchanges, especially in high-inflation regions." It's already touched your economies, being "integrated with fiat platforms in countries like the USA, India, and Turkey," where crypto is closely tied to traditional currency's value. The quick, secure movement of real value on blockchains in some of the world's biggest economies has already "significantly contributed to mitigating the challenges posed by inflation in these areas." Keeping Blockchains Honest and Secure "Working on zkp2p has been a professionally fulfilling journey," says Kumar. "This project has not only allowed me to contribute to the cryptocurrency ecosystem meaningfully but also to advance the state of privacy and security in digital transactions." Kumar has also had the opportunity to speak for these values at events like the ZK10 in London and Progcrypto in Istanbul, and he's set to serve as a mentor at the Ethereum Amsterdam conference and judge at the ZK Hack hackathon in Kraków. Sachin Kumar has done much work in the last few years. "I committed to enhancing blockchain systems with my work in applied cryptography in order to see what can be done to ensure privacy and trustworthy systems," he says. His strong motivation and commitment to the value of preserving privacy through next-generation technological solutions have given him significant influence in this moment of incredible innovation. Keeping blockchain technology honest and secure is essential, and the world has seen the benefit of Kumar's focus. Sachin Kumar is Keeping Blockchain Honest With Smart Contracts That Respect Your Essential Right to Privacy Sachin Kumar is Keeping Blockchain Honest With Smart Contracts That Respect Your Essential Right to Privacy The blockchain runs on codes and contracts, passing information and valuable data through processes that execute when certain conditions are met. It needs to be simplified to be understood in brief. Fortunately, experts like Sachin Kumar have invested years of passion into ensuring it all works to your advantage and even place value on your right to privacy. Something that zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and smart contracts are best at. Sachin Kumar Sachin Kumar Why ZKPs Are Integral in Advancing the Blockchain When people talk about crypto, they talk about blockchain technology, which increasingly means smart contracts. This represents a technological progression. Smart contracts are agreements that execute automatically when their conditions are met, and those can be sales, transfers, or other deals. A ZKP can trigger a smart contract without providing identifying information about the trigger, allowing people (and systems) to conduct business without sacrificing their privacy and security. It's next-generation internet security, and even if you don't deal with blockchains, you want this to be robust for the sake of the global economy. Thanks go to Sachin Kumar , one of the figures who ensured that ZKPs became the integral security feature they've become. Beginning with a fellowship from the University of California and the OpenMined nonprofit, Kumar turned his "Deep-seated belief in privacy as a fundamental human right" into a passion for applied cryptography that would shape the development of smart contracts and ZKPs. Sachin Kumar Sachin Kumar The Invention of zkp2p: Applying Cryptography to Smart Contracts While developing smart contracts between 2021 and 2023, Kumar began work on zkp2p . This open-source project would benefit from grants from the Ethereum Foundation. In 2023, Kumar will co-found P2P Labs Inc. to continue advancing this privacy-centric technology. A peer-to-peer solution that embodies the principles of "trust minimization, speed, and accessibility," says Kumar, who explains that zkp2p was "conceived to address the need for reliable and efficient digital currency exchanges, especially in high-inflation regions." zkp2p zkp2p zkp2p zkp2p It's already touched your economies, being "integrated with fiat platforms in countries like the USA, India, and Turkey," where crypto is closely tied to traditional currency's value. The quick, secure movement of real value on blockchains in some of the world's biggest economies has already "significantly contributed to mitigating the challenges posed by inflation in these areas." Keeping Blockchains Honest and Secure "Working on zkp2p has been a professionally fulfilling journey," says Kumar. "This project has not only allowed me to contribute to the cryptocurrency ecosystem meaningfully but also to advance the state of privacy and security in digital transactions." Kumar has also had the opportunity to speak for these values at events like the ZK10 in London and Progcrypto in Istanbul, and he's set to serve as a mentor at the Ethereum Amsterdam conference and judge at the ZK Hack hackathon in Kraków. Sachin Kumar has done much work in the last few years. "I committed to enhancing blockchain systems with my work in applied cryptography in order to see what can be done to ensure privacy and trustworthy systems," he says. His strong motivation and commitment to the value of preserving privacy through next-generation technological solutions have given him significant influence in this moment of incredible innovation. Keeping blockchain technology honest and secure is essential, and the world has seen the benefit of Kumar's focus.

Unlocking the Power of Zero-Knowledge Proofs

জিরো-নলেজ প্রুফের শক্তি আনলক করা

Die Leistungsfähigkeit von Zero-Knowledge-Beweisen freisetzen

Desbloqueando el poder de las pruebas de conocimiento cero

Libérer la puissance des preuves à connaissance nulle

शून्य-ज्ञान प्रमाण की शक्ति को अनलॉक करना

ゼロ知識証明の力を解き放つ

제로 지식 증명의 힘 잠금 해제

Desbloqueando o poder das provas de conhecimento zero

Раскрытие силы доказательств с нулевым разглашением

Sıfır Bilgi Kanıtlarının Gücünün Kilidini Açmak

Mở khóa sức mạnh của Bằng chứng không kiến thức

释放零知识证明的力量

The King of DAOs - A Bitcoin Justice Department

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS Ultimately, any blockchain accessibility solution has to decide on a split of responsibilities: either the user does most of the computation necessary or some third party does. A spectrum of solutions may be developed based on different types and needs of users, from a full node to a full third-party service. However, we consider that any solution must still adhere to reasonable security expectations: integrity, availability, and privacy. Most blockchain research is based on the assumption that users run their local nodes. This means the fact that running a full node is still the best way to provide integrity, availability, and privacy. Indeed we surveyed third-party service providers in the field and noted the lack of a data integrity guarantee when the provider is not trusted. We also recalled events that render the providers unable to provide service. These facts mean that third-party service providers can and do fail, and thus relying on them can become risky. At the same time, considering the high cost of running a full node locally, we believe that users should have more choice that does not impact the security guarantees. We observe the emergence of so-called ultralight nodes, which provides a way for third-party services to give a verifiable statement that requires little hardware power from the client. Many open questions remain regarding the accessibility of blockchains, even regarding full-node solutions and third-party providers. Any number of light node protocols can also be built to serve different users’ needs. We reiterate that ensuring the accessibility of blockchains is paramount for the technology. If we believe that blockchains are a common good, then making them accessible to all in a secure and available manner is critical for the future development of Web3 technology. Any information is as useful as how it can be read, and such reasoning also applies to blockchains. REFERENCES [1] AL-BASSAM, M., SONNINO, A., AND BUTERIN, V. Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044 (2018). [2] ALCHEMY. Alchemy. https://alchemy.com/, 2022. [3] ALL THAT NODE. All That Node. https://allthatnode.com/, 2022. [4] ANKR. Ankr. https://www.ankr.com/, 2022. [5] BADDOUR, R. Setting up a Litecoin super node: A complete step-bystep recipe that anyone can follow. https://medium.com/@baddour/sett ing-up-a-litecoin-full-node-a-complete-step-by-step-recipe-that-anyon e-can-follow-fb18b82d5cfe, 2022. [6] BINANCE. Binance. https://www.binance.us/, 2022. [7] BITCOIN PROJECT. Minimum requirements. https://bitcoin.org/en/ful l-node#minimum-requirements, 2022. [8] BITCOIN PROJECT. RPC API reference. https://developer.bitcoin.org/ reference/rpc/#, 2022. [9] BLOCKDAEMON. BlockDeamon. https://blockdaemon.com/, 2022. [10] BUNZ, B., KIFFER, L., LUU, L., AND ZAMANI, M. Flyclient: Superlight clients for cryptocurrencies. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 928–946. [11] CHAINSTACK. Chainstack. https://chainstack.com/, 2022. [12] CHATZIGIANNIS, P., BALDIMTSI, F., AND CHALKIAS, K. Sok: Blockchain light clients. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2022), Springer, pp. 615–641. [13] CLEPER, Y., AND BINDER, G. Lava: A decentralized RPC network for blockchains - litepaper v0.1. Tech. rep., Lava Protocol Inc., 2022. [14] COINCASHEW. How to run your own Monero node. https://www.co incashew.com/coins/overview-xmr/guide-or-how-to-run-a-full-node, 2022. [15] CONSENSYS. Privacy policy. http://web.archive.org/web/2022112109 5716/https://consensys.net/privacy-policy/, 2022. [16] CRYPTO.COM. Crypto.com. https://crypto.com/us, 2022. [17] DAIAN, P., GOLDFEDER, S., KELL, T., LI, Y., ZHAO, X., BENTOV, I., BREIDENBACH, L., AND JUELS, A. Flash boys 2.0: Frontrunning in decentralized exchanges, miner extractable value, and consensus instability. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 910–927. [18] DASH CORE GROUP. Masternode requirements. https://docs.dash.org/ en/stable/masternodes/understanding.html#masternode-requirements, 2022. [19] DATAHUB. DataHub. https://datahub.figment.io/, 2022. [20] DENNIS, R., AND DISSO, J. P. An analysis into the scalability of bitcoin and ethereum. In Third International Congress on Information and Communication Technology (2019), Springer, pp. 619–627. [21] ELECTRIC COIN COMPANY. Troubleshooting guide. https://zcash.read thedocs.io/en/latest/rtd pages/troubleshooting guide.html, 2022. [22] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Ethereum portal network. https://www.ethp ortal.net/, 2022. [23] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light Ethereum subprotocol (LES). https: //github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/les.md, 2022. [24] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light node. https://ethereum.org/en/develo pers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#light-node, 2022. [25] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Node as a service. https://ethereum.org/en/ developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/nodes-as-a-service/, 2022. [26] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Requirements. https://ethereum.org/en/deve lopers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/#requirements, 2022. [27] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Who should run a node? https://ethereum .org/en/run-a-node/, 2022. [28] FANTI, G., KOGAN, L., AND VISWANATH, P. Economics of proof-ofstake payment systems, 2019. [29] GETBLOCK. GetBlock. https://getblock.io/, 2022. [30] GOES, C. The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15918 (2020). [31] GRIFFITH, E. Why the crypto collapse matters. The New York Times (Nov 2022). [32] INFSTONES. InfStones. https://infstones.com/, 2022. [33] INFURA. Infura. https://infura.io/, 2022. [34] KALEIDO. Kaleido. https://kaleido.io/, 2022. [35] LI, K., CHEN, J., LIU, X., TANG, Y. R., WANG, X., AND LUO, X. As strong as its weakest link: How to break blockchain dapps at rpc service. In NDSS (2021). [36] MALWA, S. Two Polygon, Fantom front ends hit by DNS attack. https: //www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/07/01/two-polygon-fantom-front-end s-hit-by-dns-attack/, 2022. [37] MEE, D. Bitcoin full node on RBP3 (revised). https://medium.com/@ meeDamian/bitcoin-full-node-on-rbp3-revised-88bb7c8ef1d1, 2017. [38] MEE, D. Litecoin full node on RBP3. https://medium.com/@meeDam ian/litecoin-full-node-on-rbp3-69f851f74f1b, 2017. [39] METAMASK SUPPORT. Why Infura cannot serve certain areas. https: //metamask.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059386712-Why-MetaM ask-and-Infura-cannot-serve-certain-areas, 2022. [40] MORALIS. Moralis. https://moralis.io/, 2022. [41] NAKAMOTO, S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260. [42] NELSON, B. J. Remote procedure call. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1981. [43] NOWNODES. NOWNodes. https://nownodes.io/, 2022. [44] PAAVOLAINEN, S., AND CARR, C. Security properties of light clients on the ethereum blockchain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 124339–124358. [45] POCKET NETWORK. Pocket Network. https://www.pokt.network/, 2022. [46] QUICKNODE. QuickNode. https://www.quicknode.com/, 2022. [47] RIVET. Rivet. https://rivet.cloud/, 2022. [48] SENSEINODE. SenseiNode. https://senseinode.com/, 2022. [49] SETTLEMINT. SettleMint. https://console.settlemint.com/, 2022. [50] SOLANA FOUNDATION. Validator requirements. https://docs.solana.co m/running-validator/validator-reqs, 2022. [51] SONG, Y.-D., AND ASTE, T. The cost of bitcoin mining has never really increased. Frontiers in Blockchain (2020), 44. [52] WATCHDATA. WatchData. https://watchdata.io/, 2022. [53] XRP LEDGER. System requirements. https://xrpl.org/system-requireme nts.html, 2022. [54] YAISH, A., AND ZOHAR, A. Correct cryptocurrency asic pricing: Are miners overpaying. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11064 (2020). [55] ZMOK. ZMOK. https://zmok.io/, 2022. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS Ultimately, any blockchain accessibility solution has to decide on a split of responsibilities: either the user does most of the computation necessary or some third party does. A spectrum of solutions may be developed based on different types and needs of users, from a full node to a full third-party service. However, we consider that any solution must still adhere to reasonable security expectations: integrity, availability, and privacy. Most blockchain research is based on the assumption that users run their local nodes. This means the fact that running a full node is still the best way to provide integrity, availability, and privacy. Indeed we surveyed third-party service providers in the field and noted the lack of a data integrity guarantee when the provider is not trusted. We also recalled events that render the providers unable to provide service. These facts mean that third-party service providers can and do fail, and thus relying on them can become risky. At the same time, considering the high cost of running a full node locally, we believe that users should have more choice that does not impact the security guarantees. We observe the emergence of so-called ultralight nodes, which provides a way for third-party services to give a verifiable statement that requires little hardware power from the client. Many open questions remain regarding the accessibility of blockchains, even regarding full-node solutions and third-party providers. Any number of light node protocols can also be built to serve different users’ needs. We reiterate that ensuring the accessibility of blockchains is paramount for the technology. If we believe that blockchains are a common good, then making them accessible to all in a secure and available manner is critical for the future development of Web3 technology. Any information is as useful as how it can be read, and such reasoning also applies to blockchains. REFERENCES [1] AL-BASSAM, M., SONNINO, A., AND BUTERIN, V. Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044 (2018). [2] ALCHEMY. Alchemy. https://alchemy.com/, 2022. [3] ALL THAT NODE. All That Node. https://allthatnode.com/, 2022. [4] ANKR. Ankr. https://www.ankr.com/, 2022. [5] BADDOUR, R. Setting up a Litecoin super node: A complete step-bystep recipe that anyone can follow. https://medium.com/@baddour/sett ing-up-a-litecoin-full-node-a-complete-step-by-step-recipe-that-anyon e-can-follow-fb18b82d5cfe, 2022. [6] BINANCE. Binance. https://www.binance.us/, 2022. [7] BITCOIN PROJECT. Minimum requirements. https://bitcoin.org/en/ful l-node#minimum-requirements, 2022. [8] BITCOIN PROJECT. RPC API reference. https://developer.bitcoin.org/ reference/rpc/#, 2022. [9] BLOCKDAEMON. BlockDeamon. https://blockdaemon.com/, 2022. [10] BUNZ, B., KIFFER, L., LUU, L., AND ZAMANI, M. Flyclient: Superlight clients for cryptocurrencies. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 928–946. [11] CHAINSTACK. Chainstack. https://chainstack.com/, 2022. [12] CHATZIGIANNIS, P., BALDIMTSI, F., AND CHALKIAS, K. Sok: Blockchain light clients. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2022), Springer, pp. 615–641. [13] CLEPER, Y., AND BINDER, G. Lava: A decentralized RPC network for blockchains - litepaper v0.1. Tech. rep., Lava Protocol Inc., 2022. [14] COINCASHEW. How to run your own Monero node. https://www.co incashew.com/coins/overview-xmr/guide-or-how-to-run-a-full-node, 2022. [15] CONSENSYS. Privacy policy. http://web.archive.org/web/2022112109 5716/https://consensys.net/privacy-policy/, 2022. [16] CRYPTO.COM. Crypto.com. https://crypto.com/us, 2022. [17] DAIAN, P., GOLDFEDER, S., KELL, T., LI, Y., ZHAO, X., BENTOV, I., BREIDENBACH, L., AND JUELS, A. Flash boys 2.0: Frontrunning in decentralized exchanges, miner extractable value, and consensus instability. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 910–927. [18] DASH CORE GROUP. Masternode requirements. https://docs.dash.org/ en/stable/masternodes/understanding.html#masternode-requirements, 2022. [19] DATAHUB. DataHub. https://datahub.figment.io/, 2022. [20] DENNIS, R., AND DISSO, J. P. An analysis into the scalability of bitcoin and ethereum. In Third International Congress on Information and Communication Technology (2019), Springer, pp. 619–627. [21] ELECTRIC COIN COMPANY. Troubleshooting guide. https://zcash.read thedocs.io/en/latest/rtd pages/troubleshooting guide.html, 2022. [22] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Ethereum portal network. https://www.ethp ortal.net/, 2022. [23] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light Ethereum subprotocol (LES). https: //github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/les.md, 2022. [24] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light node. https://ethereum.org/en/develo pers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#light-node, 2022. [25] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Node as a service. https://ethereum.org/en/ developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/nodes-as-a-service/, 2022. [26] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Requirements. https://ethereum.org/en/deve lopers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/#requirements, 2022. [27] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Who should run a node? https://ethereum .org/en/run-a-node/, 2022. [28] FANTI, G., KOGAN, L., AND VISWANATH, P. Economics of proof-ofstake payment systems, 2019. [29] GETBLOCK. GetBlock. https://getblock.io/, 2022. [30] GOES, C. The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15918 (2020). [31] GRIFFITH, E. Why the crypto collapse matters. The New York Times (Nov 2022). [32] INFSTONES. InfStones. https://infstones.com/, 2022. [33] INFURA. Infura. https://infura.io/, 2022. [34] KALEIDO. Kaleido. https://kaleido.io/, 2022. [35] LI, K., CHEN, J., LIU, X., TANG, Y. R., WANG, X., AND LUO, X. As strong as its weakest link: How to break blockchain dapps at rpc service. In NDSS (2021). [36] MALWA, S. Two Polygon, Fantom front ends hit by DNS attack. https: //www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/07/01/two-polygon-fantom-front-end s-hit-by-dns-attack/, 2022. [37] MEE, D. Bitcoin full node on RBP3 (revised). https://medium.com/@ meeDamian/bitcoin-full-node-on-rbp3-revised-88bb7c8ef1d1, 2017. [38] MEE, D. Litecoin full node on RBP3. https://medium.com/@meeDam ian/litecoin-full-node-on-rbp3-69f851f74f1b, 2017. [39] METAMASK SUPPORT. Why Infura cannot serve certain areas. https: //metamask.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059386712-Why-MetaM ask-and-Infura-cannot-serve-certain-areas, 2022. [40] MORALIS. Moralis. https://moralis.io/, 2022. [41] NAKAMOTO, S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260. [42] NELSON, B. J. Remote procedure call. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1981. [43] NOWNODES. NOWNodes. https://nownodes.io/, 2022. [44] PAAVOLAINEN, S., AND CARR, C. Security properties of light clients on the ethereum blockchain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 124339–124358. [45] POCKET NETWORK. Pocket Network. https://www.pokt.network/, 2022. [46] QUICKNODE. QuickNode. https://www.quicknode.com/, 2022. [47] RIVET. Rivet. https://rivet.cloud/, 2022. [48] SENSEINODE. SenseiNode. https://senseinode.com/, 2022. [49] SETTLEMINT. SettleMint. https://console.settlemint.com/, 2022. [50] SOLANA FOUNDATION. Validator requirements. https://docs.solana.co m/running-validator/validator-reqs, 2022. [51] SONG, Y.-D., AND ASTE, T. The cost of bitcoin mining has never really increased. Frontiers in Blockchain (2020), 44. [52] WATCHDATA. WatchData. https://watchdata.io/, 2022. [53] XRP LEDGER. System requirements. https://xrpl.org/system-requireme nts.html, 2022. [54] YAISH, A., AND ZOHAR, A. Correct cryptocurrency asic pricing: Are miners overpaying. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11064 (2020). [55] ZMOK. ZMOK. https://zmok.io/, 2022. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Balancing Blockchain Access: Local Nodes vs. Third-Party Services

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References IV. APPROACH II: QUERY A THIRD-PARTY LEDGER - NODE-AS-A-SERVICE (NAAS) If a user cannot afford to run a full node themselves, they must outsource the synchronization of blockchains to some third party. While typical users may be tempted to entrust their crypto coins and assets to an all-in-one cryptocurrency exchange, such as Crypto.com [16] and Binance [6], for exchange of easy accessibility, we consider the approach fundamentally flawed. Because the user has no access to the asset without the consent of the exchange, they cannot claim that they effectively own the asset: the recent collapse of FTX [31] reveals the risk of the exchange being insolvent and the user’s asset being lost. Therefore, if the user wants to keep his private key and still maintain reasonable access to the blockchain, one approach is to purchase a third-party service that answers RPC queries, colloquially known as Node-as-a-service (NAAS) or an RPC node. The clients can interact with the third-party service just as they would with a full node (see Fig. 3). Many active NAAS providers exist in the field, including Alchemy, Ankr, BlockDaemon, etc. Table II provides a list of providers, as advertised by the Ethereum Foundation [25]. While we recognize that different providers offer services with different features and have different pricing plans, which makes an accurate comparison challenging, we pick four uniform measurements to understand the provider: the number of protocols supported, whether there is a free tier, the minimum amount the user needs to pay for a paid tier (per month), and whether or not the provider developed an exclusive API (such as one that handles the NFT) for the service in addition to traditional RPC calls. A. Pros and Cons The main benefit of using a NAAS service is that it is more affordable than running one’s own full node because the service provider can build an infrastructure that handles a high workload efficiently. Many providers also have a free tier that allows a limited number of queries. It is also noteworthy that most providers allow users to access more than one blockchain, which would traditionally require running one full node for each blockchain. Some providers offer exclusive pre-made APIs to handle common use cases, such as NFT. While using such API may reduce the program’s portability, it increases the development efficiency. The drawback of the approach is also significant: the security assumption of the model now depends on the service provider as a trusted party. Consider the case of Bitcoin’s RPC call getbalance. The client has no way to verify the numerical result because RPC is not designed to ensure data integrity: every user is expected to run a node themselves. There is also no privacy guarantee when the service provider is untrusted: the service provider can see all parameters of an RPC call, thus increasing the risk associated, such as frontrunning [17]. Besides, any attack and incident of the service provider can impact users’ access to blockchain information, thus affecting availability. Ankr was hit by a DNS attack in July 2022, which disrupted its users’ access to two blockchains and placed their funds at risk [36]. Similarly, Infura was forced to censor Venezuelan users due to a US sanction in March 2022 [39]. These cases illustrate that a centralized service provider can become a single point of failure, and additional considerations are needed to ensure the accessibility of blockchains. B. Open Questions Node-as-a-service providers form a competitive market: there are 19 providers advertised on the Ethereum Foundation website. However, there is little study on the market: who are the main users? Which service has a better cost-performance ratio for a specific type of user? How profitable can the providers be? An empirical study on this growing market is a challenging topic. The design of the RPC protocol in this scenario can be particularly challenging since the current RPC protocol assumes the complete trust of the server. However, with the recent advancement of verification methods, such as Flyclient [10], a verifiable RPC protocol may be possible from a minimal-sized root of trust, solving the issue of integrity in the face of an untrusted service provider. We also observe that it is standard industry practice to employ several services so that at least one is available at any time. Since many providers exist in the field, a unified structure that features a collaboration between providers may provide an improved availability guarantee and some degree of privacy and anonymity to users. For instance, Lava [13] is an ongoing proposal to design a decentralized RPC network blockchain that allows a group of NAAS providers to join together to provide services to users. The users will be charged in LAVA, a new type of coin specific to the network. Both NAAS providers and blockchain validators will stake LAVA to use the system. Unfortunately, Lava’s whitepaper lacks a formal description of security, instead claiming that slashing the funds from bad actors can stop them from providing compromised information. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References IV. APPROACH II: QUERY A THIRD-PARTY LEDGER - NODE-AS-A-SERVICE (NAAS) If a user cannot afford to run a full node themselves, they must outsource the synchronization of blockchains to some third party. While typical users may be tempted to entrust their crypto coins and assets to an all-in-one cryptocurrency exchange, such as Crypto.com [16] and Binance [6], for exchange of easy accessibility, we consider the approach fundamentally flawed. Because the user has no access to the asset without the consent of the exchange, they cannot claim that they effectively own the asset: the recent collapse of FTX [31] reveals the risk of the exchange being insolvent and the user’s asset being lost. Therefore, if the user wants to keep his private key and still maintain reasonable access to the blockchain, one approach is to purchase a third-party service that answers RPC queries, colloquially known as Node-as-a-service (NAAS) or an RPC node. The clients can interact with the third-party service just as they would with a full node (see Fig. 3). Many active NAAS providers exist in the field, including Alchemy, Ankr, BlockDaemon, etc. Table II provides a list of providers, as advertised by the Ethereum Foundation [25]. While we recognize that different providers offer services with different features and have different pricing plans, which makes an accurate comparison challenging, we pick four uniform measurements to understand the provider: the number of protocols supported, whether there is a free tier, the minimum amount the user needs to pay for a paid tier (per month), and whether or not the provider developed an exclusive API (such as one that handles the NFT) for the service in addition to traditional RPC calls. A. Pros and Cons A. Pros and Cons The main benefit of using a NAAS service is that it is more affordable than running one’s own full node because the service provider can build an infrastructure that handles a high workload efficiently. Many providers also have a free tier that allows a limited number of queries. It is also noteworthy that most providers allow users to access more than one blockchain, which would traditionally require running one full node for each blockchain. Some providers offer exclusive pre-made APIs to handle common use cases, such as NFT. While using such API may reduce the program’s portability, it increases the development efficiency. The drawback of the approach is also significant: the security assumption of the model now depends on the service provider as a trusted party. Consider the case of Bitcoin’s RPC call getbalance. The client has no way to verify the numerical result because RPC is not designed to ensure data integrity: every user is expected to run a node themselves. There is also no privacy guarantee when the service provider is untrusted: the service provider can see all parameters of an RPC call, thus increasing the risk associated, such as frontrunning [17]. Besides, any attack and incident of the service provider can impact users’ access to blockchain information, thus affecting availability. Ankr was hit by a DNS attack in July 2022, which disrupted its users’ access to two blockchains and placed their funds at risk [36]. Similarly, Infura was forced to censor Venezuelan users due to a US sanction in March 2022 [39]. These cases illustrate that a centralized service provider can become a single point of failure, and additional considerations are needed to ensure the accessibility of blockchains. B. Open Questions B. Open Questions Node-as-a-service providers form a competitive market: there are 19 providers advertised on the Ethereum Foundation website. However, there is little study on the market: who are the main users? Which service has a better cost-performance ratio for a specific type of user? How profitable can the providers be? An empirical study on this growing market is a challenging topic. The design of the RPC protocol in this scenario can be particularly challenging since the current RPC protocol assumes the complete trust of the server. However, with the recent advancement of verification methods, such as Flyclient [10], a verifiable RPC protocol may be possible from a minimal-sized root of trust, solving the issue of integrity in the face of an untrusted service provider. We also observe that it is standard industry practice to employ several services so that at least one is available at any time. Since many providers exist in the field, a unified structure that features a collaboration between providers may provide an improved availability guarantee and some degree of privacy and anonymity to users. For instance, Lava [13] is an ongoing proposal to design a decentralized RPC network blockchain that allows a group of NAAS providers to join together to provide services to users. The users will be charged in LAVA, a new type of coin specific to the network. Both NAAS providers and blockchain validators will stake LAVA to use the system. Unfortunately, Lava’s whitepaper lacks a formal description of security, instead claiming that slashing the funds from bad actors can stop them from providing compromised information. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Navigating the Node-as-a-Service Market: Benefits, Risks, and Open Questions

Fund Your Web3 Development With These Grant Programs

এই অনুদান প্রোগ্রামগুলির সাথে আপনার ওয়েব3 বিকাশের জন্য অর্থায়ন করুন

Finanzieren Sie Ihre Web3-Entwicklung mit diesen Förderprogrammen

Financia tu desarrollo Web3 con estos programas de subvenciones

Financez votre développement Web3 avec ces programmes de subventions

इन अनुदान कार्यक्रमों के साथ अपने वेब3 विकास को वित्तपोषित करें

これらの助成金プログラムを利用して Web3 開発に資金を提供しましょう

이 보조금 프로그램으로 Web3 개발 자금을 조달하세요

Financie seu desenvolvimento Web3 com estes programas de subsídios

Финансируйте свою разработку Web3 с помощью этих грантовых программ

Web3 Geliştirmenizi Bu Hibe Programlarıyla Finanse Edin

Tài trợ cho việc phát triển Web3 của bạn bằng các chương trình tài trợ này

利用这些资助计划资助你的 Web3 开发

How Etherspot Redefines The Way We Build Ethereum Smart Contracts (Account Abstraction)

ইথারস্পট কীভাবে আমরা ইথেরিয়াম স্মার্ট চুক্তি তৈরি করি তা পুনরায় সংজ্ঞায়িত করে (অ্যাকাউন্ট বিমূর্ততা)

Wie Etherspot die Art und Weise neu definiert, wie wir Ethereum-Smart-Contracts erstellen (Kontoabstraktion)

Cómo Etherspot redefine la forma en que construimos contratos inteligentes de Ethereum (abstracción de cuenta)

Comment Etherspot redéfinit la façon dont nous construisons les contrats intelligents Ethereum (abstraction de compte)

इथरस्पॉट किस तरह से एथेरियम स्मार्ट कॉन्ट्रैक्ट बनाने के तरीके को फिर से परिभाषित करता है (खाता सार)

Etherspot が Ethereum スマート コントラクトの構築方法をどのように再定義するか (アカウントの抽象化)

Etherspot이 Ethereum 스마트 계약 구축 방식을 재정의하는 방법(계정 추상화)

Como o Etherspot redefine a maneira como construímos contratos inteligentes Ethereum (abstração de conta)

Как Etherspot меняет подход к созданию смарт-контрактов Ethereum (абстракция аккаунта)

Etherspot, Ethereum Akıllı Sözleşmeleri Oluşturma Yöntemimizi Nasıl Yeniden Tanımlıyor (Hesap Soyutlaması)

Cách Etherspot xác định lại cách chúng tôi xây dựng hợp đồng thông minh Ethereum (Tóm tắt tài khoản)

Etherspot 如何重新定义我们构建以太坊智能合约的方式（账户抽象）

In a whirlwind of activity within the cryptocurrency market, Bitcoin (BTC) has smashed through expectations, soaring to an all-time high of $71,000. This monumental milestone comes amidst a broader surge in the digital asset realm, with Ethereum (ETH) notching a notable 7% increase in its value. As established players like Bitcoin and Ethereum continue to make waves, emerging tokens like are also making headlines. FURR, in the midst of its presale phase, is on the cusp of completing its 6th stage, signaling a growing interest in its unique approach to infusing the crypto space with adorable charm. Furrever Token (FURR) Bitcoin Surge Sparks Frenzy: Analysts Divided as BTC Nears $71,000 Milestone Bitcoin (BTC) sustains its upward momentum, buoying the cryptocurrency community's expectations, particularly amidst the anticipation of significant US inflation data and the looming release of FOMC minutes. However, as BTC nears the $71,000 threshold, a cautionary note emerges from a prominent analyst warning of potential volatility. Analysts foreseeing a surge in investors' risk appetite ignited today's momentum in Bitcoin's price. Yet, despite the uptick, a cautious stance prevails among some. Warnings echo regarding significant liquidation potential should BTC breach $71,000. Leading analyst Ali Martinez highlights the risk, projecting roughly $72 million in liquidations at this juncture. This underscores market fragility, urging investor vigilance as Bitcoin approaches crucial levels. Martinez's caution contrasts with another expert's bullish outlook. Captain Faibik predicts Bitcoin's all-time high, citing a bullish pennant formation on the daily chart, suggesting surpassing the $70,000 resistance could propel BTC to unprecedented levels. This optimism diverges from Martinez's prudent approach. At present, Bitcoin's price has registered a 0.64% increase over the last 24 hours, trading at $69,743.67, with trading volume rising by 3.55% to $20.87 billion. Amidst conflicting sentiments, the cryptocurrency market remains dynamic, with investors closely monitoring Bitcoin's trajectory. Ether's Meteoric Rise: Ethereum (ETH) Surges Past $3,600 Mark Amid Foundation's Strategic Shift The onset of the new trading week witnessed a notable surge in the cryptocurrency market, with Ethereum emerging as a prominent beneficiary. Displaying robust performance, ETH experienced a commendable uptick in value, surpassing the $3,600 threshold, signaling potential bullish momentum. Amid this market exuberance, attention turned to the Ethereum Foundation, a cornerstone institution within the Ethereum ecosystem. Reports from Peckshield Alert unveiled a strategic move by the foundation, whereby a portion of its ETH holdings was converted into stablecoins, translating to a substantial sum of 354,000 DAI from 100 ETH. Further insights from Arkham Intelligence corroborated this action, highlighting the subsequent transfer of DAI to the foundation's established wallet. The rationale behind this decision remains subject to conjecture, with speculation centering on operational exigencies. This strategic maneuver potentially aligns with past instances in which Ethereum cofounder Vitalik Buterin hinted at the necessity for the foundation to address operational expenses by offloading ETH holdings. The market's response to this insider activity amid ETH's bullish ascent becomes a focal point of interest. Observers can now better closely monitor whether such measures will persist amid the ongoing uptrend of the major altcoin's price. Nevertheless, as Ethereum's value goes up, the foundation's decision to convert a portion of its ETH holdings into stablecoins has ignited a firestorm of speculation. With Ethereum's price soaring, all eyes are on the foundation's next move. Furrever Token (FURR): A Purr-fect Blend of Cuteness, Community, and Investment Potential has recently gained significant popularity in the cryptocurrency market thanks to several key factors contributing to its appeal. Furrever Token (FURR) Firstly, FURR stands out with its unique concept of infusing cuteness into the crypto space. In a market dominated by serious projects, FURR brings a refreshing and light-hearted approach centered around adorable cat imagery. This unique concept has resonated with users, attracting attention and interest. Additionally, FURR has actively engaged its community, fostering a warm and friendly environment. Through regular challenges, launches, and engagement activities, FURR involves its community members, creating a sense of belonging and shared joy. This active community engagement has contributed to FURR's growing popularity and strong community support. Furthermore, FURR offers a whimsical ecosystem filled with cute cat-themed stickers, emojis, and visuals. This adds an element of fun and charm to the user experience, making it more enjoyable and engaging for participants. The platform's focus on providing a delightful user experience has helped it stand out in the crowded crypto market. FURR's success in its presale stages, having raised over $690,000, also speaks to its popularity and investor confidence. This strong fundraising performance demonstrates the market's belief in FURR's vision and potential for growth. Moreover, FURR offers up to 15X returns, making it an attractive investment opportunity for many. With a current price of $0.00048, FURR presents investors with the potential for significant returns on their investment. Additionally, FURR prioritizes transparency and security, with the smart contract audited and safety measures implemented to ensure a secure experience for all users. Active community management by admins and moderators on platforms like Telegram further enhances trust and credibility within the FURR community. Overall, Furrever Token (FURR) has become a popular choice for investors and crypto enthusiasts due to its unique concept, active community engagement, potential for significant returns, transparency, and potential for growth in the evolving cryptocurrency landscape. Discover the Most Exclusive Presale Opportunity of 2024 Now: | | Furrever Token Official Website Visit Furrever Token Presale Join Official Telegram Group Follow Official X Account This story was distributed as a release by ZEX MEDIA under HackerNoon’s Brand As An Author Program. Learn more about the program . here

BTC Surges to New Highs, ETH is Up, and Furrever Token (FURR) Nears End of 6th Presale Stage

BTC নতুন উচ্চতায় উত্থিত, ETH উপরে, এবং Furrever টোকেন (FURR) 6 তম প্রিসেল পর্যায়ের শেষের কাছাকাছি

BTC erreicht neue Höchststände, ETH ist im Plus und Furrever Token (FURR) nähert sich dem Ende der 6. Vorverkaufsphase

BTC alcanza nuevos máximos, ETH sube y el token Furrever (FURR) se acerca al final de la sexta etapa de preventa

BTC atteint de nouveaux sommets, l'ETH est en hausse et le jeton Furrever (FURR) approche de la fin de la 6e étape de prévente

बीटीसी नई ऊंचाई पर पहुंच गया, ईटीएच ऊपर है, और फुर्रेवर टोकन (FURR) 6वें प्रीसेल चरण के अंत के करीब है

BTCが新たな高値に急上昇、ETHが上昇、Furreverトークン（FURR）が第6回プレセールステージの終了間近

BTC는 최고가로 급등하고 ETH는 상승했으며 Furrever Token(FURR)은 6차 사전 판매 단계가 거의 종료되었습니다.

BTC atinge novos máximos, ETH está em alta e Furrever Token (FURR) se aproxima do fim da 6ª fase de pré-venda

BTC взлетает до новых максимумов, ETH растет, а токен Furrever (FURR) близок к завершению 6-го этапа предпродажи

BTC Yeni Zirvelere Yükseliyor, ETH Yükseliyor ve Furrever Token (FURR) 6. Satış Öncesi Aşamanın Sona Yaklaşıyor

BTC tăng lên mức cao mới, ETH tăng và mã thông báo Furrever (FURR) sắp kết thúc giai đoạn bán trước thứ 6

BTC 飙升至新高，ETH 上涨，Furrever Token (FURR) 第六阶段预售即将结束

Hi everyone, here. I’m a brand strategist and communications expert with blockchain and crypto projects. I create Value Propositions and build brand awareness among users, developers, and VC funds. Daria Strategy Recently, I spoke at the about the value of technology from the perspective of product and brand building. In this article, I share the main takeaways from my speech and empower you to build not code-focused products but Love Marks for your users and partners using innovative technologies like Account Abstraction. ETHBucharest conference Account Abstraction The purpose of creating Love Marks in the Web3 industry Initially, I want to give you an overall understanding of brand building and the purpose of creating Love Marks in the Web3 industry. Big and famous companies like and others have built outstanding brands and connections with their audiences because they propose not only products but additional experience in the form of design, smell, sound, and other brand attributes. Nike, Starbucks, Netflix, Balenciaga, McDonald’s, The brands switched from traditional advertising to to give their customers a holistic, immersive experience. phygital (physical + digital) engagement The principles of immersive brand experiences: Personalization Simplicity and ease of use Emotional engagement Interactive elements Consistency across channels Storytelling Use of visual and audio elements Real-time responsiveness Gamification Community building If you want to build something outstanding, these principles must be included in your product strategy. In this article, I’ll reveal some of them: personalization, simplicity and ease of use, emotional engagement, and gamification. Read it to the end to learn about the cases and examples. The main idea of branding is to help a company or project stand out from the crowd and be more visible in a highly competitive market. So, how about blockchain brands? Unlike traditional businesses, blockchain-powered products don’t have smell or sound, but they can use the power of innovations! However, these innovations often do not look easy to use and implement by the mass audience. As a result, the user feels lost while using tech-sophisticated products. It is no secret that the blockchain and crypto industry has many challenges that build barriers between products and users. I’m sure you all know all these issues and can add even more. Even , the person who knows everything about blockchain, often has trouble when using DApps. In his article, his attitude to user experience. Vitalik Buterin Vitalik described Brand experience challenges appear in addition to UX challenges. You can see some of them in the picture. People don’t trust crypto companies; they are afraid of making mistakes and don’t have enough information about the sphere and each particular project: So, the main idea of brand experiences in the blockchain field is to tackle obstacles, add extra value, and create strong emotional connections with users. In other words, you need to build your product and communication to make it a Love Mark for different categories of users. Let me introduce you to Joe. Joe is our user. He can be a trader, developer, NFT artist, anyone! But in all cases, Joe is a real human with rational thoughts and emotional feelings. Like most of us, he decides based on the first impression. Joe wants to try two products, A and B. Both have good ideas and a solid technical foundation, but they have different UX, UI, and marketing. UX, UI, and marketing make a difference and influence the brand perception. Of course, Joe wants to use Product A because it not only gives him answers to his questions but also interacts with him and opens new frontiers of brand experience, including the help of Account Abstraction. In September 2023, the announced the successful conclusion of the grant round. This grant initiative will support 18 teams in their efforts to build diverse projects centered around Account Abstraction. Such massive investment in AA-supporting projects shows that the concept is promising and will be explored and implemented as much as possible. Ethereum Foundation Clave was one of these This project has been launched recently, and here is my interview with its co-founders: 18 projects supported by the Ethereum Foundation. https://youtu.be/6p8JjV6mgbo?embedable=true believes AA can help attract the How can it be implemented? There are three main business features that influence the brand experience: Ethereum Foundation next 1,000,000 users to Web3. Onboarding non-Web3 users to Web3 seamlessly; Paying gas fees instead of users when they mint NFTs makes transactions on blockchain; I turning Web3 into a more secure and user-friendly environment. The different categories of companies and users can benefit from implementing : Account Abstraction How does Account Abstraction Empower Web3 and Web2 Businesses In this part, I will share four examples of using AA to attract users, engage with them, and create immersive brand experiences. These examples show how Account Abstraction can empower traditional businesses or make Web3 projects more user-friendly. 1. Friendly DeFi with Enhanced Security and Privacy Account Abstraction in DeFi products allows Web3 newcomers to overcome the barrier and be more open to new technologies. A user could designate a group of friends or family members as their . If the user loses their private keys, they can contact their guardians and get help . That’s how people can plan their future with savings in crypto. social recovery guardians recovering their account 2. Phygital Experience and Innovative Engagement Models Bridging the digital and physical gap is key to Web3's mass adoption. To build immersive, interactive experiences, blockchain brands must bring the power of Web3 to users worldwide in a way that is easy to onboard, fun, and accessible. You probably know about , which was turned into plush toys in the US and UK. The magic happens when a buyer scans a QR code on the box and gets their dedicated NFT without any gas fees. It’s possible because of . Pudgy Penguins' NFT collection native AA by zkSync 3. Exciting Gaming with Seamless Interaction Across Platforms AA allows gamers to manage their addresses and program them with better experiences. The smart contract creates with information that can be ported across different apps. a customizable wrapper I like this user case of where gamers can exchange their skins from Assassin’s Creed for the skins from Diablo and use them to enhance the gaming experience and become active users of both gaming platforms. cross-game interoperability, 4. Personalized Loyalty Loyalty programs are very popular in engaging audiences in traditional industries such as fashion, HoReCa, hospitality, etc. In Web3, tried to implement a revolution of loyalty with its Odyssey program. The program is closed, but it can be reimagined later, and AA can be a good instrument for onboarding more non-Web3-native Starbucks customers. Starbucks No matter what type of tokens you use for a loyalty program, AA helps simplify the user experience and commitment to the brand. Customers can join without a wallet and technical knowledge. Pay fees and reward your customers using the blockchain that works best for you. Another example of using loyalty programs is digital collectibles from famous sports teams and athletes. Such collectibles have become very popular among . Using Account Abstraction helps sell these collectibles more easily and grow the communities faster. F1, American Football, and the NBA The Road Ahead The journey towards fully realizing the potential of Account Abstraction for immersive brand experiences is still in its early stages. Challenges such as interoperability between different platforms, user privacy concerns, and the development of universal standards need to be addressed. However, the benefits of creating a more integrated, personalized, and engaging digital landscape are undeniable. As technology evolves and brands become more adept at leveraging AA, we can expect to see even more innovative and immersive experiences that blur the lines between the digital and physical worlds, ultimately transforming how consumers interact with their favorite brands. Account Abstraction is a tool for turning a mountain of GitHub code into a Web3 Love Mark for all types of users. When your project is a Love Mark, you get more attention, user-generated content, longer business life, and more profit. I want to empower you to experiment, innovate, and create an unforgettable brand experience for users in Web3 and beyond! Read my previous articles about and making blockchain as popular as AI launching a Web3 Project in 2024. Follow me on social media: , , and LinkedIn X . YouTube

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