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Alberts

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A breakthrough is not actually breaking through something and coming out  with something never seen or imagined. A breakthrough is the byproduct of multiple innovations combined into one big evolution. Evolution in any medium of our lives takes place when multiple small innovations, experiments, and discoveries combined together to create a new, never before seen feature or a product that leverages our existing lives. We're privileged to be living in a time where science and technology can assist us, make our lives easier and rethink the ways we go about our daily lives. The technology we're already exposed and accustomed to has paved the way for us to innovate further, and this list of current and future technologies certainly have the potential to change our lives even more. Reinforcement Learning One of the very first ways that will revolutionize the way we interact with computers and computational power today.  Reinforcement learning is a method to feed data to the computers and make them learn with repeated patterns. Researchers figured out how they can make a computer calculate the value that should be assigned to a particular task. For example, during the research carried out on rats, each right or wrong turn that a rat might make on its way out of its maze will be assigned a value by the computer. Each value then is stored in a large table, and the computer updates all these values as and when it learns. However, when it comes to large and complicated tasks, this becomes computationally impractical. This is where reinforcement learning has come into play. In past few years, deep learning has proved as a supremely efficient way to recognize patterns in data, regardless if it  refers to the turns in a maze, the positions on a Go board, or the pixels shown on screen during a computer game. Dueling Neural Networks This great scientific breakthrough promises to bless the AI systems with “imagination”. And how? By allowing them to essentially “spar” with each other. Researchers at Google Brain, Deep Mind and Nvidia are focused on enabling systems which will create ultra-realistic, computer generated images or sounds, beyond what is currently possible. Duelling Neural Networks are a classic breakthrough in artificial intelligence allowing AI to create images of things it has never seen before. It gives AI a sense of imagination. One red-flag here is the possibility of computers becoming alarmingly capable tools for digital fakery and fraud by themselves. And this thought needs to be given much attention as well. The Quantum Leap Unlike classical computing, which runs everything from your cell phone to a supercomputer, quantum computing is based on the properties of quantum mechanics. Many vision-led companies, including Google, have been researching in the field of quantum computing. This will take the speed and sophistication of computing to the next level. Tactical VR Researchers have developed a prototype device where users can use VR with their touch. This is called Epidermal VR, which uses NFC to interact with the users’ input and provides feedback. All-time ECG With chips becoming smaller and smaller, computing power has been increasing. Today there are microchips, which can sit easily on the tip of your finger. We are living in the era of ECG-enabled smart watches which have been made possible by new regulations and innovations in hardware and software. They offer the convenience of a wearable device with something closer to the precision of a medical one. The data from the host can be directly fed to the app especially made for this device. This idea is one revolutionary step away from a to make it go commercial in the coming years. mobile app development company Artificial Neurons Researchers and scientists have been burning the midnight oil in order to develop artificial neurons for a long time. It is believed that they will be immensely useful in treating many diseases and medical conditions. Such artificial neurons can replace damaged neurons, such as those in spinal cord injuries, or dysfunctional neurons, and help in establishing the brain signal again. Babel Fish Earbuds This technology has not become mainstream yet. However, major players, including Google are working on this technology where the earbuds you are wearing can translate any language a person is speaking in real-time. Smart Toothbrushes There already are commercially available intelligent  toothbrushes  which keep an eye on your brushing technique to make sure you're doing a good thorough job each time you brush your teeth. The future of intelligent toothbrush would be such that the brush would send your dental health data to your dentist so they don't even need to ask if you're flossing daily. 3D Metal Printing We already know about 3D plastic printing. It took over the globe  and brought an ease to design and prototyping. With advances in technology,  instant metal fabrication is quickly becoming a reality, which clearly opens a new world of possibilities in the world of 3D printing. Smart Mirrors Mirrors are something where a quick glance  at it each morning will give you a visual cue on how you're feeling and looking to the outside world. How about a time when there will be smart mirrors that could scan you and dictate about the potential health problems, vitamin deficiencies or warnings signs of underlying issues in your body. Prosthetics with a sense of touch group of  European engineers and scientists, a few years back, created a prosthetic arm unlike any other conventional prosthetics. What this wonderful device does is that the prosthetic hand connects directly to the remaining nerves on the patient’s upper arm. It gives the "hand" a sense of touch and can be easily controlled by the wearer. A few test results show that patients were indeed able to differentiate between different items such as a bottle, a baseball and a mandarin orange. Wearer was also able to exert different levels of pressure, allowing him to touch, hold or grab something with the prosthetic arm. In future, we could see commercial use of such prosthetic arms and legs by patients across the globe. Nanotechnology One of the most promising technologies around us is Nanotech. Paradoxically, the smaller the devices get, the larger the issues they are able to resolve. Right from cleaning the water of pollutants to creating biodegradable plastics to fighting off disease, nanotechnology has the potential to shape the next century in ways we can’t even imagine. These are infinitesimally small miniscule machines which operate in nanometers which can work at the scale of human DNA and fundamentally change how structures behave, breaking down or building up considering what effect we desired or what output is expected. They are small and require an incredibly low amount of power to function; they can even be powered by the beating of your heart or the chemical energy inside of cells. Nanotechnology carries the promise to track the progress of diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer, help manufacture and design more efficient batteries, and create damage- and rust-resistant materials which could last forever or break down when exposed to certain waves of light. Cryogenics According to physics, the process of Cryogenics  is the production and behaviour of materials at incredibly low temperatures. This would also mean, scientists would one day be able to freeze human bodies and put them into a sort of hibernation for a prolonged period of time. Many advocates and enthusiasts of this idea  believe that scientists will one day work out how to warm the bodies up and bring them back to life, after they have been frozen. Considering that by that time doctors might be able to cure cancer and other diseases which are untreatable today. Endnotes The womb of the future never discloses what it bears inside, nor do we have the technology to take a peek. We can only speculate, evaluate, and calculate. Einstein had put it in the best way when he said, ‘Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution’. Our Imagination fueled with our will to make it a reality has shaped the world around us. And this human imagination is what will take us to the vast corners of not only this earth but across the galaxies. Images- theofficeclue

Amazing Breakthrough Technologies That Can Potentially Change the World

This article is coreported with KFF Health News KFF Health News Read on our collaborator's site Read on our collaborator's site This article was coreported with KFF Health News, a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF. Sign up for KFF Health News’s newsletters. This article was coreported with KFF Health News, a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF. Sign up for KFF Health News’s newsletters. KFF Health News’s newsletters Looking for an at-home HIV test on CVS’s website is not as private an experience as one might think. An investigation by The Markup and KFF Health News found trackers on CVS.com telling some of the biggest social media and advertising platforms the products customers viewed. And CVS is not the only pharmacy sharing this kind of sensitive data. We found trackers collecting browsing- and purchase-related data on websites of 12 of the U.S.’s biggest drugstores, including grocery store chains with pharmacies, and sharing the sensitive information with companies like Meta (formerly Facebook), Google, through its advertising and analytics products, and Microsoft, through its search engine, Bing. The tracking tools, popularly called “pixels,” collect information while a website runs. That information is often sent to social media firms and used to target ads, either to you personally or to groups of people that resemble you in demographics or habits. In previous investigations, The Markup found pixels transmitting information from the U.S. Department of Education, prominent hospitals, telehealth startups, and major tax preparation companies. the U.S. Department of Education prominent hospitals telehealth startups major tax preparation companies Pharmacy retailer websites’ pixels send a shopper’s IP address—a sort of mailing address for a person’s computer or household internet—to social media giants and other firms. They also send cookies, a way of storing information in a user’s browser that in this case helps track a user from page to page as the user browses a retailer’s site. Cookies can sometimes also associate individuals on a site with their account on a social media platform. In addition to the IP address and cookies, the pixels often send information about what you’ve clicked or bought, including sensitive items such as HIV tests. “HIV testing is the gateway to HIV prevention and treatment services,” said Oni Blackstock, the founder of Health Justice and a former assistant commissioner for New York City’s Bureau of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, in an interview. “People living with HIV should have control over whether someone knows their status,” she said. Many retailers shared other detailed interaction data with advertising platforms as well. Ten of the retailers we examined alerted at least one tech platform when shoppers clicked “add to cart” as they shopped for retail goods, a capacious category that included sensitive products like prenatal vitamins, pregnancy tests, and Plan B emergency contraception. Supermarket giant Kroger, for instance, informed Meta, Bing, Twitter, Snapchat, and Pinterest when a shopper added Plan B to the cart, and informed Google and Nextdoor, a social media platform on which people from the same neighborhood gather in forums, that a shopper had visited the page for the item. Walmart informed Google’s advertising service when a shopper browsed the page of an HIV test, and Pinterest when that shopper added it to the cart. A previous investigation from The Markup found that Kroger used loyalty cards to track, analyze, and sell an array of data about customers to advertisers. previous investigation Using Chrome DevTools, a tool built into Google’s Chrome browser, The Markup and KFF Health News visited the websites of 12 of the U.S.’s biggest drugstores and examined their network traffic. This monitoring tool allowed us to see what information about shopping habits and, in some cases, prescriptions were sent to third parties. Over the course of the investigation, retailers frequently changed their trackers—sometimes activating them, sometimes removing them. Some retailers appeared to be taking steps to limit tracking on sensitive items. For example, Walgreens’ website prevented some trackers from activating on the pages of some products, which included Plan B and HIV tests. This code didn’t prevent all tracking, though: Walgreens’ site continued sending Pinterest information about those sensitive items a user added to the cart. Walgreens shared a new policy after learning of The Markup and KFF Health News’s findings. Spokesperson Fraser Engerman said that while the chain already had a “robust privacy program,” it would no longer share browsing data related to reproductive health and HIV testing. Engerman also told us that “Pinterest confirmed that the data will be deleted and that it has not been used for advertising purposes.” Crystal Espinosa, a spokesperson for Pinterest, said the company “can confirm that we will be deleting the data Walgreens requested.” The Pharmacy vs. the Pharmacy Aisle In the U.S., drugstores and grocery stores with associated pharmacies are only partially covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA. The prescriptions picked up from the pharmacy counter do have this protection. But in a separate section, sometimes confusingly called the pharmacy aisle, stores also often sell over-the-counter medications, tests, and other health-related products. Consumers might think such purchases have similar protections to their prescriptions, but HIPAA only covers the pharmacy counter’s clinical operations, such as dispensing prescriptions and answering patients’ questions about medication. This distinction can be confusing enough inside the brick-and-mortar location of a retailer. But the line can become even harder to make out on a website, which lacks the clarifying delineations of physical space. What’s more, descriptions about what will happen with retail data are generally in retailers’ privacy policies, which can usually be found in a link at the bottom of their webpages. The Markup and KFF Health News found them murky at best, and none of them were specific about the parts of the site that were covered by HIPAA and the parts that weren’t. In the “Privacy Notice for California Residents” part of its privacy policy, Kroger says it processes “personal information collected and analyzed concerning a consumer’s health.” But, the policy continues, the company does not “sell or share” that information. Other information is sold: According to the policy, in the last 12 months, the company sold or shared “protected classification characteristics” to outside entities like data brokers. privacy policy Kroger spokesperson Erin Rolfes said the company strives to be transparent and that “[i]n many cases, we have provided more information to our customers in our privacy notices than our peers.” Brokering of general retail data is widespread. Our investigation found, though, that some websites shared sensitive clinical data with third parties even when that information would be protected at a HIPAA-covered pharmacy counter. Users attempting to schedule a vaccine appointment at Rite Aid, for example, must answer a survey first to gauge eligibility. This investigation found that Rite Aid has sent Facebook responses to questions such as: Do you have a neurological disorder such as seizures or other disorders that affect the brain or have had a disorder that resulted from a vaccine?
Do you have cancer, leukemia, AIDS, or any other immune system problem?
Are you pregnant or could you become pregnant in the next three months? Do you have a neurological disorder such as seizures or other disorders that affect the brain or have had a disorder that resulted from a vaccine? Do you have cancer, leukemia, AIDS, or any other immune system problem? Are you pregnant or could you become pregnant in the next three months? The Markup and KFF Health News documented Rite Aid sharing this data with Facebook in December 2022. In February of this year, a proposed class action lawsuit based on similar findings was filed against the drugstore chain in California, alleging code on Rite Aid’s website sent Facebook the time of an appointment and an identifier for the appointment location, demographic information, and answers to questions about vaccination history and health conditions. Rite Aid has moved to dismiss the suit. proposed class action After the lawsuit was filed, The Markup and KFF Health News tested Rite Aid’s website again, and it was no longer sending answers to vaccination questions to Facebook. Rite Aid isn’t the only company that sent answers to eligibility questionnaires to social media firms. Supermarkets Albertsons, Acme, and Safeway, which are owned by the same parent company, also sent answers to questions in their vaccination intake form—albeit in a format that requires cross-referencing the questionnaire’s source code to reveal the meaning of the data. Using the Firefox web browser’s Network Monitor tool, and with the help of a patient with an active prescription at Rite Aid, KFF Health News and The Markup also found Rite Aid sending the names of patients’ specific prescriptions to Facebook. Rite Aid kept sharing prescription names even after the company stopped sharing answers to vaccination questions in response to the proposed class action (which did not mention the sharing of prescription information). Rite Aid did not respond to requests for comment, and as of June 23, the pixel was still present and sending the names of prescriptions to Facebook. Network Monitor Other companies shared data about medications from other parts of their sites. Customers of Sam’s Club and Costco, for example, can search names of prescriptions on each retailer’s website to find the local pharmacy with the cheapest prices. But the two websites also sent the name of the medication the user searched for, along with the user’s IP address, to social media companies. Many of the retailers The Markup and KFF Health News looked at did not respond to questions or declined to comment, including Costco and Sam’s Club. Albertsons said the company “continually” evaluates its privacy practices. CVS said it was compliant with “applicable laws.” Kroger’s Rolfes wrote that the company’s “trackers disclose product information, which is not sensitive health information unless one or more inferences are made. Kroger does not make any inferences linking the product information collected or disclosed by trackers to an individual’s health condition.” A Huge Regulatory Challenge Pharmacies are just one facet of a huge health care sector. But the industry as a whole has been roiled by disclosures of tracking pixels picking up sensitive clinical data. After an investigation by The Markup in June 2022 found widespread use of trackers on hospital websites, regulatory and legal attention has homed in on the practice. found widespread use of trackers In December, the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office for Civil Rights published guidance advising health providers and insurers how pixel trackers’ use can be consistent with HIPAA. “Regulated entities are not permitted to use tracking technologies in a manner that would result in impermissible disclosures” of protected health information to tracking technology or other third-party vendors, according to the official bulletin. published guidance If implemented, the guidance would provide a path for the agency to regulate hospitals and other providers and fine those who don’t follow it. In an interview with an industry publication in late April, the director of the Office for Civil Rights said it would be bringing its first enforcement action for pixel use “hopefully soon.” bringing its first enforcement action Lobbying groups are seeking to confine any regulatory fallout: The American Hospital Association, for example, sent a letter on May 22 to the Office for Civil Rights asking that the agency “suspend or amend” its guidance. The office, it claimed, was seeking to protect too much data. asking that the agency This year the Federal Trade Commission has pursued action against companies like GoodRx, which offers prescription price comparisons, and BetterHelp, which offers online therapy, for alleged misuse of data from questionnaires and searches. The companies settled with the agency. companies like GoodRx BetterHelp Health care providers have disclosed to the federal government the potential leakage of nearly 10 million patients’ data to various advertising partners, according to a review by The Markup and KFF Health News of breach notification letters and the Office of Civil Rights’ online database of breaches. That figure could be a low estimate: A new study in the journal Health Affairs found that, as of 2021, almost 99 percent of hospital websites contained tracking technologies. 99 percent of hospital websites One prominent law firm, BakerHostetler, is defending hospitals in 26 legal actions related to the use of tracking technologies, lawyer Paul Karlsgodt, a partner at the firm, said during a webinar this year. “We’ve seen an absolute eruption of cases,” he said. during a webinar Abortion and pregnancy-related data is particularly sensitive and driving regulatory scrutiny. In the same webinar, Lynn Sessions, also with BakerHostetler, said the California attorney general’s office had made specific investigative requests to one of the firm’s clients about whether the client was sharing reproductive health data. It’s unclear whether big tech companies have much interest in helping secure health data. Sessions said BakerHostetler had been trying to get Google and Meta to sign so-called business associate agreements. These agreements would bring the companies under the HIPAA regulatory umbrella, at least when handling data on behalf of hospital clients. “Both of them, at least at this juncture, have not been accommodating in doing that,” Sessions said. Google Analytics’ help page for HIPAA instructs customers to “refrain from using Google Analytics in any way that may create obligations under HIPAA for Google.” help page for HIPAA Meta says it has tools that attempt to prevent the transfer of sensitive information like health data. In a November 2022 letter to Sen. Mark Warner (D-VA) obtained by KFF Health News and The Markup, Meta wrote that “the filtering mechanism is designed to prevent that data from being ingested into our ads.” What’s more, the letter noted, the tech giant reaches out to companies transferring potentially sensitive data and asks them to “evaluate their implementation.” November 2022 letter “I remain concerned the company is too passive in allowing individual developers to determine what is considered sensitive health data that should remain private,” Warner told The Markup and KFF Health News. Meta’s claims in its letter to Warner have been repeatedly questioned. In 2020, the company itself acknowledged to New York State regulators that the filtering system was “not yet operating with complete accuracy.” acknowledged to New York State regulators To test the filtering system, Sven Carlsson and Sascha Granberg, reporters for SR Ekot in Sweden, set up a dummy pharmacy website in Swedish, which sent fake, but plausible, health data to Facebook to see whether the company’s filtering systems worked as stated. “We weren’t warned” by Facebook, Carlsson said in an interview with KFF Health News and The Markup. set up a dummy pharmacy website Carlsson’s and Granberg’s work also found European pharmacies engaged in activities similar to what The Markup and KFF Health News have found. The reporters caught a Swedish state-owned pharmacy sending data to Facebook. And a recent investigation with The Guardian found the U.K.-based pharmacy chain LloydsPharmacy was sending sensitive data—including information about symptoms—to TikTok and Facebook. sending data to Facebook recent investigation In response to questions from KFF Health News and The Markup, Meta spokesperson Emil Vazquez said, “Advertisers should not send sensitive information about people through our Business Tools. Doing so is against our policies and we educate advertisers on properly setting up Business Tools to prevent this from occurring. Our system is designed to filter out potentially sensitive data it is able to detect.” Meta did not respond to questions about whether it considered any of the information KFF Health News and The Markup found retailers sending to be “sensitive information,” whether any was actually filtered by the system, or whether Meta could provide metrics demonstrating the current accuracy of the system. In response to our inquiries, Twitter sent a poop emoji, while TikTok and Pinterest said they had policies instructing advertisers not to pass on sensitive information. LinkedIn and Nextdoor did not respond. Google spokesperson Jackie Berté said the company’s policies “prohibit businesses from using sensitive health information to target and serve ads” and that it worked to prevent such information from being used in advertising, using a “combination of algorithmic and human review” to remedy violations of its policy. KFF Health News and The Markup presented Google with screenshots of its pixel sending the search company our browsing information when we landed on the retailers’ pages where we could purchase an HIV test and prenatal vitamins, and of data showing when we added an HIV test to the cart. In response, Berté said the company had “not uncovered any evidence that the businesses in the screenshots are violating our policies.” Editor’s Note: KFF Health News uses Meta’s pixel on its website to collect information that may be used by third-party websites to measure web traffic and performance data and to target ads on social platforms. You can read KFF’s privacy policy in its entirety. The Markup does not use Meta’s pixel or similar trackers. You can read our full privacy promise here. Editor’s Note: KFF’s privacy policy here Credits: Darius Tahir for KFF Health News, Simon Fondrie-Teitler Credits: Darius Tahir for KFF Health News, Simon Fondrie-Teitler Darius Tahir Simon Fondrie-Teitler Also published here Also published here here Photo by Amanda Dalbjörn on Unsplash Photo by Amanda Dalbjörn on Unsplash Amanda Dalbjörn Unsplash

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Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
2. Method and 2.1. G is constant
2.2. Linear Relation between G and I
2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I
3. Results
4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion Future researchers can investigate other nonlinear relationships between government spending and national income such as the case when government spending increases cubically with the national income. References: Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013.


Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358.


Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006.


Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903.


Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. 6. Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. CRC Press, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429492563. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Xinyu Li, University of Washington. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 3. Results 4. Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2. Method and 2.1. G is constant 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.2. Linear Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 2.3. Nonlinear Quadratic Relation between G and I 3. Results 3. Results 4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion and References 4. Conclusion Future researchers can investigate other nonlinear relationships between government spending and national income such as the case when government spending increases cubically with the national income. References: Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006. Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Cate, Thomas. An Encyclopedia of Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Feiwel, George R. Samuelson and Neoclassical Economics. 1982, pp. xiii–x358. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006. Jespersen, Jesper, et al. Teaching Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006 . https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547006 Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Bolles, Albert Sidney. Money, Banking, and Finance, by Albert S. Bolles. American book company, 1903. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. Jordan, Dominic, and Peter Smith. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2007. 6. Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. CRC Press, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429492563. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Bifurcation Analysis of the Keynesian Cross Model: Conclusion and References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 6. Conclusion and Future Work Trustworthy interoperability is a key enabler for identity management and widens the dimensions of e-government in developing countries. This research provided insights into the challenges, opportunities, and requirements of interoperability and highlighted the limitations of current interoperability solutions such as the Estonian X-Road and the eIDAS of the European Union. We found that each existing interoperability solution has its benefits and drawbacks, although both are targeted at a common goal. To achieve seamless communication of identification data, we proposed an approach for scoping requirements by first identifying the key processes to identity management in an interoperability context. Furthermore, we addressed the limitations of the current solutions using an architecture that considers the flexibility of identity verification and validation through an interoperable layer that is based on four interacting layers of data representation, semantics, binding, and security and privacy. For future work, an analysis of country-specific use cases for achieving interoperability in the African identity ecosystem will be performed. References African Union, 2020. The Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020-30), Available at https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/278587/1/GhaEcon_24.pdf, Accessed 20 May 2023. Alamillo, I., Mouille, S., Rock, A., Soumelidis, N., Tabor, M., Gorniak, S., 2023. Digital identity standards: Analysis of standardisation requirements in support of cybersecurity policy, Available at file:///C:/Users/aIbor/Downloads/Digital_Identity_Standards%20(1).pdf, Accessed 30 July 2023. Aldosary, M. and Alqahtani, N., 2021. A Survey on Federated Identity Management Systems Limitation and Solutions. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) Vol, 13. ANSSI, 2023. The EIDAS Regulation, Available at https://www.ssi.gouv.fr/en/regulation/digital-confidence/the-eidas-regulation/, Accessed 09 April 2023. Atick, J., 2016. Digital identity: the essential guide. In ID4Africa Identity Forum (Vol. 2016, pp. 1-3). Backhouse, J. and Halperin, R., 2009. Approaching interoperability for identity management systems. In The Future of Identity in the Information Society (pp. 245-268). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bakhtina, M., Matulevičius, R., Awad, A. and Kivimäki, P., 2022. Rebooting Trust Management in X-Road, Public Report. Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS). Bhattarai, R., Pappel, I., Vainsalu, H., Yahia, S.B. and Draheim, D., 2019. The impact of the single digital gateway regulation from the citizens’ perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 164, pp.159-167. Bandura, R. and Ramanujam, S.R., 2021. Developing inclusive digital payment systems. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 21. Benaddi, H., Laaz, N., Bouhlal, A. and El Kettani, E., 2023. Data storage architecture for egovernment interoperability: Morocco case. 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Telematics and Informatics, 36, pp.39-54. Spiliotopoulos, T., Sheik, A.T., Gottardello, D. and Dover, R., 2023. Onboarding Citizens to Digital Identity Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.13511. Srinivas, J., Das, A.K. and Kumar, N., 2019. Government regulations in cyber security: Framework, standards and recommendations. Future generation computer systems, 92, pp.178-188. Tang, F., Ma, C. and Cheng, K., 2023. Privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on zero trust architecture. Digital Communications and Networks. The World Bank, 2023a. ID4D Global Dataset, Available at https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset, Accessed: 17 July 2023. The World Bank, 2023b. Practitioner’s Guide: Interoperability, Available at https://id4d.worldbank.org/guide/interoperability, Accessed: 22 April 2023. Walters, R., 2023. Theft [Identity]. In Cybersecurity and Data Laws of the Commonwealth: International Trade, Investment and Arbitration (pp. 297-306). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 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X-Road: Use Case Model for Member Communication, Available at https://docs.x-road.global/UseCases/uc-mess_x-road_member_communication_use_case_model.html#version-history, Accessed 12 April 2023. X-Road, 2023d. Technical Specification: X-Road Architecture, Available at https://docs.xroad.global/Architecture/arc-g_x-road_arhitecture.html#version-history, Accessed 12 April 2023. Yin, J., Xiao, Y., Pei, Q., Ju, Y., Liu, L., Xiao, M. and Wu, C., 2022. SmartDID: a novel privacy-preserving identity based on blockchain for IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(8), pp.6718-6732. This paper is available on under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

Trustworthy Interoperability and Identity Management Systems: What Comes Next

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 3. Review of Literature Although interoperability has the potential to create a seamless identity ecosystem for data exchange, verification, and validation of digital identities, and expand the reach of national governments for effective service delivery, there are very few research-based approaches for cross-border interoperable identity systems. Backhouse and Halperin (2009) posited that the challenge of establishing interoperable systems is enormous, which does not only consider the technical linking of databases and systems. To this effect, they proposed a three-fold conception of interoperability for identity management systems viz-a-viz technical, legal, and regulatory components to enhance data sharing in the provision of e-government. The factors militating against the full interoperability of federated identity management systems are studied in Catuogno and Galdi (2014). They argued that the tendency for per-site authentication and authorization of ID holders culminates in huge overhead for both the identity/service providers and the ID holders as each site stores different credentials of the user. Therefore, the authors presented Shibboleth as the de facto standard for identity management and point of access to providers of information (PAPI) as a solution that leverages the joining of federations and translation of protocols during cross-federation authentication and authorization (AA) sessions. Sharma and Panigrahi (2015) proposed a roadmap useful to plan and implement the capabilities of interoperability in e-government solutions. The roadmap considered the notion of knowledge sharing among key stakeholders based on vital legal, regulatory, technical, and organisational components that can foster the interoperability of e-government services. One significant limitation of this research is its inability to explore cross-country differences in legislation and regulatory requirements, as it focused only on the inputs from stakeholders in India. Also, Kotzé and Alberts (2017) proposed a baseline conceptual model to achieve an egovernment interoperability framework. The model considered the technical, legislative, social, and political environments of South Africa to serve as a guideline for enterprises that are evolving towards e-governance. Similar studies were carried out by Kanagwa et al. (2018), who investigated the relevance of a national enterprise architecture to support several e-government systems including the systems for the registration of persons in Uganda through semantic interoperability that is achieved based on a set of related ontologies. Still, in both studies, country-specific technical, legislative, social, and political considerations were made, which indicate the absence of cross-border considerations to interoperability, Saputro et al. (2020) discussed the Estonian XRoad as an e-governance solution for secure data exchange and the interoperability of information systems across nine countries. This notwithstanding, this research did not categorise whether the countries investigated are developed or developing to ascertain the level of inclusion or exclusion required for facilitating e-governance. In Hölbl, Kežmah and Kompara (2023), the interoperability and compliance issues in eIDAS are discussed. The authors asserted that eIDAS has limited applicability in the public sector since the regulation does not address new market demands with the added complexity of private online providers connecting to the eIDAS network. Further, the issue of the isolation and inflexibility of notified eID solutions in member states makes it difficult for eIDAS to support a variety of use cases. Domingo and Teevan (2022) discussed the interoperability of cross-border payment solutions to expand trade in Africa. They argued that the success of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) depends largely on the cross-border interoperability of low-value instant payment systems such as mobile money. Consequently, the authors posited that such a policy will enhance inclusion and long-lasting benefits to small-scale businesses. Additionally, Masiero (2023) argued that the effectiveness of digital identity schemes depends on platform features, which must be considered to comprehend the true extent of harm that digital identification might cause due to interoperability. Furthermore, Benaddi et al. (2023) identified the challenges in data sharing and the interoperability of e-government systems. Their focus was on the technical interoperability of e-government entities to enhance collaboration in the use of public data. However, their approach does not consider crossborder perspectives to data sharing including the identification of entities that consume these data. This paper is available on [Arxiv](https://This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.) under CC 4.0 license.

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