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ORANGEBURG — South Carolina State University, a public historically Black university in Orangeburg, received a $200,000 grant from Aflac to expand its research centers and bring greater equity to medical fields.

SC historically Black university receives grant for medical equity

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Given the value placed on data in this age, breaching systems to cause data leaks is unsurprisingly the mainstay of malicious cyber actors today. And businesses are still grappling with this reality and leaving their defenses open despite the spate of rising data leakages and breaches globally. Understanding the common causes of data leaks is crucial for implementing effective measures. In this article, we explore five of the prominent causes, highlighting how they occur as well as examples to demonstrate the pervasiveness of data leaks. cybersecurity Software Misconfiguration Despite the apparent danger, many individuals and organizations leave default passwords unchanged. This is just one example of how misconfiguration of settings can allow attackers to infiltrate systems, databases, cloud services, applications, etc. At other times, a misconfiguration can occur when a program’s settings do not align with the organization’s security policy, and so permits unintended behavior. This is basic cyber hygiene, but even big tech companies can leave certain things out. Back in 2021, for example, made the news for the wrong reasons when 38 million customer records, including sensitive information, were exposed online due to a misconfiguration of its Power Apps portal service. Microsoft Particularly, organizations should be careful when migrating services or data to cloud environments – misconfigurations are common with this action and can arise simply from not following or not understanding the instructions. Ransomware According to a recent , global ransomware attacks surged in the past year and recorded an all-time eye. report on the state of ransomware Amidst these, the US is the biggest victim, suffering 43% of global recorded attacks, with zero-day exploitations by malicious actors playing a huge role in the increase in attacks. So, ransomware attacks are not only growing in number but also in sophistication. And for this, organizations have to heighten their vigilance to prevent data leaks. Source: Statista Notably, DISH, the satellite broadcast company, in February. The attack led to significant outages in its internal servers and IT systems and leaked belonging to about 300,000 people. was hit by a ransomware attack personal information But this is only one of the several ransomware attacks that have hit various organizations and facilities. Data Theft Over the past few years, insider attacks have become a growing concern, with malicious insiders becoming particularly a worry for data theft. Such concerns contributed to the development of zero-trust cybersecurity solutions since anyone can be a malicious insider, with greater risks assigned to privileged users with access to sensitive information. Source: Statista This is not to rule out the role of external elements in data theft, though. A German newspaper, earlier this year, ran a report detailing a myriad of safety concerns expressed by Tesla customers. According to the electric car company, the confidential data provided to the newspaper , although it couldn’t tell whether an insider was responsible or an external actor. was stolen from its system Third-Party Breach Third-party breaches have become a particularly beneficial mode of attack for malicious actors because of the potential of acquiring several victims from just one hit. For instance, , in 2022, 63 vendor attacks led to 298 data breaches across companies. according to a third-party breach report In January, two insurance companies – Aflac and Zurich Auto Insurance – suffered a including the information of at least 2 million policyholders with the two companies combined. data leak that affected millions of records According to reports, an unnamed US subcontractor was involved although it was not certain that both data breaches were connected. This shows the cascading effects of third-party data breaches and underscores why organizations must stop at nothing to ensure that they only partner with companies and vendors that have strong security protocols in place. Software (API) Vulnerability were a groundbreaking revelation in software development, but their proliferation has exacerbated the risks of data exposure since sensitive data is increasingly being shared via this medium. APIs So, API vulnerabilities, such as broken authentication issues easily jeopardize the software’s security and can allow malicious actors to access data illegally. Source: VentureBeat An API vulnerability in Twitter’s software allowed threat actors to . Although this happened back in 2021, and the breach was fixed in January of the following year, by mid-2022, the data sets started going on sale on the dark web and were eventually published for free. steal the email records of over 200 million users Email data are typical targets for phishing and social engineering attacks. How to Prevent Data Leakage Preventing data leakage is not an impossible task, although, due to the increasingly these days, it can be very tough to handle. However, these few steps should help you overcome the most common causes of data leakage. sophisticated nature of cyber attacks Implement a strong data detection and response solution: Unlike traditional systems, DDR solutions prioritize behavioral analytics and real-time monitoring via machine learning to automatically identify and respond to data incidents. data loss prevention Evaluate third-party risks: working with a third party, especially when it involves exchanging data, can no longer be business as usual. The risks of your partners are yours too, so you must know where both companies stand and how you can complement, not endanger, each other, . security-wise Secure all endpoints: there has been a huge increase in the number of points that communicate with business networks. Plus, they are dispersed too, and sometimes internationally. Adopting a zero-trust approach helps prevent endpoints from becoming leeway for attacks. remote access Cybersecurity hygiene: as identified earlier, data leakage can simply be due to unhygienic practices. Methods such as encryption, data backups, password management, etc. are not outdated; they should all be in place to help you maintain your guard. Conclusion Proactive measures, regular security assessments, and a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy are key to mitigating the risks associated with data leakage. As we have seen from the examples, every kind of business, even the biggest tech companies, suffers from this challenge. Therefore, data security is something that all business leaders must take seriously from now. Also published here

Here Are the Most Common Causes of Data Leakage in 2023: What You Should Know

Have you ever heard the phrase, “people don’t buy products; they buy feelings”? The future of business is all about giving customers what they want – not just a product or service, but a feeling that they are doing something good for the world. More and more, consumers are in search of businesses that can demonstrate their social responsibility. And let's face it – the state of the world in 2022 certainly calls for a little TLC from the business community. The environment is suffering, the economy is struggling, and social inequality is on the rise. It's not all doom and gloom, however; in fact, there are some businesses already beginning to make headway in the social responsibility arena. I interviewed the CEO and founder of one such business on how to get started as a socially responsible organization. Paul Shapiro of The Better Meat Co. In one of my most recent episodes of the Success Story Podcast, I had the privilege of speaking with Paul Shapiro, co-founder and CEO of The Better Meat Co. Here's a brief bio on Paul: He’s the author of the national bestseller Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World. He is CEO of The Better Meat Co., a socially responsible and cruelty-free animal-free meat company. He’s a four-time TEDx speaker, and host of the Business for Good Podcast. And if that wasn’t enough, he has published articles in the Washington Post, Scientific American, FORTUNE, and more. Paul grew up with a love of animals, and he was always confronted by the ethical dilemma of meat consumption. After twenty years of working in the nonprofit space as a lobbyist and advocate for animals, he became increasingly interested in the role that food technology could play in helping to solve some of the world's most pressing problems, like climate change and global hunger. This is what (eventually) led him to start The Better Meat Co., a company that creates delicious, healthy, and humane meat alternatives that are better for both people and the planet. Note: There's a lot more to his story than this brief overview, so if you're interested in hearing more about Paul, I'd highly recommend listening to his Success Story Podcast episode here: Why do we need socially responsible businesses in 2022? Paul’s company, The Better Meat Co., is an excellent example of a business that is both socially and environmentally responsible. Using the power of fermentation and harnessing the nutrients offered by mycoprotein, The Better Meat Co. is able to create a healthy, sustainable, and ethical product that actually tastes like meat. In doing so, Paul's mission is to lighten the burden that animal agriculture places on the environment, while also helping to improve the treatment of animals. With an increase in awareness of the detrimental issues our planet is facing, it’s never been more important for businesses to consider their social responsibility. Paul gave a compelling reason as to why 2022 is the year for businesses to step up and become more socially responsible. "Think about the fact that there's nearly 8 billion of us walking around on the planet today, and we're going to have another 2 billion added to the planet [in the next 30 years]. We're not going to be farming the moon, we're not going to be farming Mars; we have one planet to farm, right? That's Earth, and it's not getting any bigger." Earth is finite, and as such, we are all responsible for looking after its resources. But businesses don’t have to focus on animal agriculture, like The Better Meat Co. – there are so many more global issues needing our attention, such as: Climate change and its impact on the environment,Sourcing sustainable materials and products,The ethical treatment of employees,Community engagement and giving back,And the list goes on. Typically, businesses hold more economic and social influence than individuals. By stepping into a more socially responsible role as a business, you can make an enormous impact on issues affecting your local space, and even national or international issues. Social responsibility from a business perspective The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) isn't just about doing the right thing. It's also an excellent strategy from a business point of view, which is why the corporate world has begun to see a noticeable shift toward the . Decade of Purpose In the 2000s, business leaders were primarily focused on connection; in the 2010s, convenience; and now in the 2020s, they're focused on how to make a positive impact on society. This is partially due to the emergence of more sustainably-minded people stepping into leadership roles in the past decade – but the same can't be true for all businesses, so why the sudden change? Simply put, purpose-driven businesses are more successful. Take a look at these telling facts and figures: According to Cone Communications and Echo Research, would switch to socially responsible brands, and would decline doing business with an unethical brandNielsen IQ reports that will pay extra for products that contribute to a good cause favor companies that can demonstrate their corporate social responsibility efforts, according to Aflac 90% of shoppers globally 76% of consumers 55% of consumers 61% of investors Not only that, but CSR is becoming almost essential for sourcing and securing top talent.  Millennials in particular are drawn to purpose-driven businesses, and many will turn down a job offer from a company that doesn’t have a social conscience. According to the Cone Communications on Millennial Employment Engagement: 2016 study 64% of millennials take CSR into serious consideration when deciding where to work, and will not take a job unless the company demonstrates strong CSR values83% will be more loyal to their company if it helps them to take on more social responsibility as part of their role (as compared to the 70% U.S. average)88% find their jobs more fulfilling if they are able to contribute to alleviating social and environmental issues Clearly, consumers and employees alike are looking for businesses with heart. So what does it take to start your own socially responsible business? Let’s turn back to Paul Shapiro of The Better Meat Co. for some expert advice on how he began his ethically responsible business. Starting your purpose-driven and socially responsible business When Paul began putting his vision into action, he wasn’t an expert in the field by any means. He’d written books about the concept of technology’s role in sustainable food production, but he was starting a business, not just preaching about the topic. Still, The Better Meat Co. ended up a resounding success – so how did he do it? Let's see what Paul had to say, and what we can observe from his inspirational success. First, start with a vision You can't hope to achieve anything if you don't have a clear idea of what it is you're working for. Paul's vision for The Better Meat Co. was to create meat products that were tasty for people, yet caused no harm to animals, the environment, or society. There was a clear vision and purpose behind the company, and it was communicated effectively to both employees and customers. "I had a decision to make," Paul said in his interview. "I had just written this book, and was going on tour to talk about great entrepreneurs who I thought would end up saving the world. And so I thought, I could continue to simply write about the people who I thought were going to solve this problem, or I could become one of them myself. And I chose the latter path." Clearly, Paul had a vision – and you need one too, if you want to start a socially responsible business. What's your vision? What's the problem you're trying to solve? How can your business make a positive impact on the world? Surround yourself with the right people Although Paul was clearly a go-getter, he didn't have entrepreneurial experience in the beginning of his career as a CEO. However, he found a clever way to remedy this; he surrounded himself with people who had the knowledge he needed. Paul researched other meat alternative companies in order to learn more about fermentation and fungi-based mycoprotein – but the majority of people he surrounded himself with, as it turns out, weren't experts in his field at all. They were motivated individuals who shared his same passion for making change. "If you read [my book] Clean Meat, one of the things you notice is that many of the people who I talk about in the book are not people who are seasoned entrepreneurs, or people who have PhDs. Many of the entrepreneurs are people who just wanted to make a difference." When you're starting your own socially responsible business, follow Paul's lead and find like-minded individuals who share your same values and goals. This will help you to create a supportive community – one that can offer advice, mentorship, and resources when needed. As once famously said, If you want to start a successful, purpose-driven business, then it's important to surround yourself with people who will reaffirm your vision and help you achieve your goals. Jim Rohn "You are the average of the five people you spend the most time with." Read up on case studies and get inspired When you are first starting out on your mission to build a socially responsible business, you're full of energy, ideas, and adrenaline. It can be tempting to barge on ahead without taking the time to do your research and learn from those who have come before you. Remember, though, that you can gain a lot from studying the successes (and failures) of others. In his interview, Paul spoke about a highly successful startup that inspired him at the beginning of his journey: Perfect Day. Perfect Day creates dairy milk without the need for cows, using yeast to ferment sugars from plants. The company's products hit shelves in 2018, and they're already being stocked in major grocery stores like Kroger and Safeway. Looking into other businesses that have found success with a social conscience gave Paul the push he needed to start his own venture. "Those stories about mere mortals who were making this happen were inspirational to me, because I thought, And they have done a phenomenal job running their company, and I hope to have a fraction of the success that they're having." 'hey, if these guys can do it, maybe I can, too'. If you are someone who resists against learning from others, this is likely a difficult concept to grasp. Perhaps you are driven to do everything on your own merit, or you may even harbor competitive feelings toward other businesses with a social conscience. However, it's important to remember that you can learn a lot from those who have gone before you. Soak up their successes, failures, and lessons learned to help make your own journey smoother. Conduct industry research You're feeling inspired, and you've surrounded yourself with like-minded individuals – so where do you go from here? This is where we get into the nuts and bolts of launching your socially responsible business, starting with industry research. Industry research is a little different to market research in that you're looking to answer the following questions: What are the current industry trends?Who are the key players in the industry?What are the major challenges and opportunities facing the industry? Rather than looking at the figures for your specific product or service, you're looking at the trends in the industry as a whole and trying to work out how your business can fit into that. Paul's industry is one that has evolved almost exponentially in the last few years. The Better Meat Co was born out of a realization that the traditional meat industry was broken, and that there was a huge opportunity to create a more sustainable, ethical, and profitable business model. For example: But there was more industry research to be done within that specific niche. "When you go back about five or so years ago, you get companies like Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat who are trying to make products for diehard carnivores; something that really fully mimics the meat experience,” Paul explained. “So all of a sudden, you have this huge universe of omnivores who are happy to eat plant based every once in a while, especially if it still tastes the same as meat. And those companies really paved a new pathway." Like Paul, your industry will have an entire landscape that you need to understand before starting your socially responsible business. Who are the major players? What challenges do they face? What new technologies or ideas are emerging in the space? By understanding the industry as a whole, you can start to see how your business can make a difference. Final thoughts: launching a business that makes a difference There are obviously many more steps you'll need to take in order to launch a successful business, but Paul Shapiro's experience and advice provide a great starting point for those looking to make a difference with their business. Let's run through a quick recap of what we've learned: First, it's important to have a and how it will make a difference in the world. This can help inform all other aspects of your business, from branding to marketing to operations. clear idea of what you want your business to achieve Once you have that vision in place, it's important to and can help you turn that vision into a reality. surround yourself with people who share your values Next and find out what worked (and what didn't) for them. , learn from others who have started similar businesses And finally, in terms of emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges. conduct a thorough analysis of the industry you want to enter With social responsibility, keep in mind that it's not just the startups who can make a difference. Established businesses can also make a big impact by making small tweaks to their operations, and there are that can help you get started. plenty of resources and organizations If you're feeling inspired to start your own socially responsible business, I hope this article has given you some valuable insights to help you get started. And remember – my interview with Paul Shapiro is live on , so be sure to check it out for more tips on how to make your business a force for good. my YouTube channel

How to Start a Socially Responsible Business in 2022

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Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1 by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . All Aflame with Love of France here All Aflame with Love of France SPEAKING of this matter reminds me of many incidents, many things that I could tell, but I think I will not try to do it now. It will be more to my present humor to call back a little glimpse of the simple and colorless good times we used to have in our village homes in those peaceful days—especially in the winter. In the summer we children were out on the breezy uplands with the flocks from dawn till night, and then there was noisy frolicking and all that; but winter was the cozy time, winter was the snug time. Often we gathered in old Jacques d’Arc’s big dirt-floored apartment, with a great fire going, and played games, and sang songs, and told fortunes, and listened to the old villagers tell tales and histories and lies and one thing and another till twelve o’clock at night. One winter’s night we were gathered there—it was the winter that for years afterward they called the hard winter—and that particular night was a sharp one. It blew a gale outside, and the screaming of the wind was a stirring sound, and I think I may say it was beautiful, for I think it is great and fine and beautiful to hear the wind rage and storm and blow its clarions like that, when you are inside and comfortable. And we were. We had a roaring fire, and the pleasant spit-spit of the snow and sleet falling in it down the chimney, and the yarning and laughing and singing went on at a noble rate till about ten o’clock, and then we had a supper of hot porridge and beans, and meal cakes with butter, and appetites to match. Little Joan sat on a box apart, and had her bowl and bread on another one, and her pets around her helping. She had more than was usual of them or economical, because all the outcast cats came and took up with her, and homeless or unlovable animals of other kinds heard about it and came, and these spread the matter to the other creatures, and they came also; and as the birds and the other timid wild things of the woods were not afraid of her, but always had an idea she was a friend when they came across her, and generally struck up an acquaintance with her to get invited to the house, she always had samples of those breeds in stock. She was hospitable to them all, for an animal was an animal to her, and dear by mere reason of being an animal, no matter about its sort or social station; and as she would allow of no cages, no collars, no fetters, but left the creatures free to come and go as they liked, that contented them, and they came; but they didn’t go, to any extent, and so they were a marvelous nuisance, and made Jacques d’Arc swear a good deal; but his wife said God gave the child the instinct, and knew what He was doing when He did it, therefore it must have its course; it would be no sound prudence to meddle with His affairs when no invitation had been extended. So the pets were left in peace, and here they were, as I have said, rabbits, birds, squirrels, cats, and other reptiles, all around the child, and full of interest in her supper, and helping what they could. There was a very small squirrel on her shoulder, sitting up, as those creatures do, and turning a rocky fragment of prehistoric chestnut-cake over and over in its knotty hands, and hunting for the less indurated places, and giving its elevated bushy tail a flirt and its pointed ears a toss when it found one—signifying thankfulness and surprise—and then it filed that place off with those two slender front teeth which a squirrel carries for that purpose and not for ornament, for ornamental they never could be, as any will admit that have noticed them. Everything was going fine and breezy and hilarious, but then there came an interruption, for somebody hammered on the door. It was one of those ragged road-stragglers—the eternal wars kept the country full of them. He came in, all over snow, and stamped his feet, and shook, and brushed himself, and shut the door, and took off his limp ruin of a hat, and slapped it once or twice against his leg to knock off its fleece of snow, and then glanced around on the company with a pleased look upon his thin face, and a most yearning and famished one in his eye when it fell upon the victuals, and then he gave us a humble and conciliatory salutation, and said it was a blessed thing to have a fire like that on such a night, and a roof overhead like this, and that rich food to eat, and loving friends to talk with—ah, yes, this was true, and God help the homeless, and such as must trudge the roads in this weather. Nobody said anything. The embarrassed poor creature stood there and appealed to one face after the other with his eyes, and found no welcome in any, the smile on his own face flickering and fading and perishing, meanwhile; then he dropped his gaze, the muscles of his face began to twitch, and he put up his hand to cover this womanish sign of weakness. “Sit down!” This thunder-blast was from old Jacques d’Arc, and Joan was the object of it. The stranger was startled, and took his hand away, and there was Joan standing before him offering him her bowl of porridge. The man said: “God Almighty bless you, my darling!” and then the tears came, and ran down his cheeks, but he was afraid to take the bowl. “Do you hear me? Sit down, I say!” There could not be a child more easy to persuade than Joan, but this was not the way. Her father had not the art; neither could he learn it. Joan said: “Father, he is hungry; I can see it.” “Let him work for food, then. We are being eaten out of house and home by his like, and I have said I would endure it no more, and will keep my word. He has the face of a rascal anyhow, and a villain. Sit down, I tell you!” “I know not if he is a rascal or no, but he is hungry, father, and shall have my porridge—I do not need it.” “If you don’t obey me I’ll—Rascals are not entitled to help from honest people, and no bite nor sup shall they have in this house. Joan!” She set her bowl down on the box and came over and stood before her scowling father, and said: “Father, if you will not let me, then it must be as you say; but I would that you would think—then you would see that it is not right to punish one part of him for what the other part has done; for it is that poor stranger’s head that does the evil things, but it is not his head that is hungry, it is his stomach, and it has done no harm to anybody, but is without blame, and innocent, not having any way to do a wrong, even if it was minded to it. Please let—” “What an idea! It is the most idiotic speech I ever heard.” But Aubrey, the maire, broke in, he being fond of an argument, and having a pretty gift in that regard, as all acknowledged. Rising in his place and leaning his knuckles upon the table and looking about him with easy dignity, after the manner of such as be orators, he began, smooth and persuasive: “I will differ with you there, gossip, and will undertake to show the company”—here he looked around upon us and nodded his head in a confident way—“that there is a grain of sense in what the child has said; for look you, it is of a certainty most true and demonstrable that it is a man’s head that is master and supreme ruler over his whole body. Is that granted? Will any deny it?” He glanced around again; everybody indicated assent. “Very well, then; that being the case, no part of the body is responsible for the result when it carries out an order delivered to it by the head; ergo, the head is alone responsible for crimes done by a man’s hands or feet or stomach—do you get the idea? am I right thus far?” Everybody said yes, and said it with enthusiasm, and some said, one to another, that the maire was in great form to-night and at his very best—which pleased the maire exceedingly and made his eyes sparkle with pleasure, for he overheard these things; so he went on in the same fertile and brilliant way. “Now, then, we will consider what the term responsibility means, and how it affects the case in point. Responsibility makes a man responsible for only those things for which he is properly responsible”—and he waved his spoon around in a wide sweep to indicate the comprehensive nature of that class of responsibilities which render people responsible, and several exclaimed, admiringly, “He is right!—he has put that whole tangled thing into a nutshell—it is wonderful!” After a little pause to give the interest opportunity to gather and grow, he went on: “Very good. Let us suppose the case of a pair of tongs that falls upon a man’s foot, causing a cruel hurt. Will you claim that the tongs are punishable for that? The question is answered; I see by your faces that you would call such a claim absurd. Now, why is it absurd? It is absurd because, there being no reasoning faculty—that is to say, no faculty of personal command—in a pair of tongs, personal responsibility for the acts of the tongs is wholly absent from the tongs; and, therefore, responsibility being absent, punishment cannot ensue. Am I right?” A hearty burst of applause was his answer. “Now, then, we arrive at a man’s stomach. Consider how exactly, how marvelously, indeed, its situation corresponds to that of a pair of tongs. Listen—and take careful note, I beg you. Can a man’s stomach plan a murder? No. Can it plan a theft? No. Can it plan an incendiary fire? No. Now answer me—can a pair of tongs?” (There were admiring shouts of “No!” and “The cases are just exact!” and “Don’t he do it splendid!”) “Now, then, friends and neighbors, a stomach which cannot plan a crime cannot be a principal in the commission of it—that is plain, as you see. The matter is narrowed down by that much; we will narrow it further. Can a stomach, of its own motion, assist at a crime? The answer is no, because command is absent, the reasoning faculty is absent, volition is absent—as in the case of the tongs. We perceive now, do we not, that the stomach is totally irresponsible for crimes committed, either in whole or in part, by it?” He got a rousing cheer for response. “Then what do we arrive at as our verdict? Clearly this: that there is no such thing in this world as a guilty stomach; that in the body of the veriest rascal resides a pure and innocent stomach; that, whatever it’s owner may do, it at least should be sacred in our eyes; and that while God gives us minds to think just and charitable and honorable thoughts, it should be, and is, our privilege, as well as our duty, not only to feed the hungry stomach that resides in a rascal, having pity for its sorrow and its need, but to do it gladly, gratefully, in recognition of its sturdy and loyal maintenance of its purity and innocence in the midst of temptation and in company so repugnant to its better feelings. I am done.” Well, you never saw such an effect! They rose—the whole house rose—an clapped, and cheered, and praised him to the skies; and one after another, still clapping and shouting, they crowded forward, some with moisture in their eyes, and wrung his hands, and said such glorious things to him that he was clear overcome with pride and happiness, and couldn’t say a word, for his voice would have broken, sure. It was splendid to see; and everybody said he had never come up to that speech in his life before, and never could do it again. Eloquence is a power, there is no question of that. Even old Jacques d’Arc was carried away, for once in his life, and shouted out: “It’s all right, Joan—give him the porridge!” She was embarrassed, and did not seem to know what to say, and so didn’t say anything. It was because she had given the man the porridge long ago and he had already eaten it all up. When she was asked why she had not waited until a decision was arrived at, she said the man’s stomach was very hungry, and it would not have been wise to wait, since she could not tell what the decision would be. Now that was a good and thoughtful idea for a child. The man was not a rascal at all. He was a very good fellow, only he was out of luck, and surely that was no crime at that time in France. Now that his stomach was proved to be innocent, it was allowed to make itself at home; and as soon as it was well filled and needed nothing more, the man unwound his tongue and turned it loose, and it was really a noble one to go. He had been in the wars for years, and the things he told and the way he told them fired everybody’s patriotism away up high, and set all hearts to thumping and all pulses to leaping; then, before anybody rightly knew how the change was made, he was leading us a sublime march through the ancient glories of France, and in fancy we saw the titanic forms of the twelve paladins rise out of the mists of the past and face their fate; we heard the tread of the innumerable hosts sweeping down to shut them in; we saw this human tide flow and ebb, ebb and flow, and waste away before that little band of heroes; we saw each detail pass before us of that most stupendous, most disastrous, yet most adored and glorious day in French legendary history; here and there and yonder, across that vast field of the dead and dying, we saw this and that and the other paladin dealing his prodigious blows with weary arm and failing strength, and one by one we saw them fall, till only one remained—he that was without peer, he whose name gives name to the Song of Songs, the song which no Frenchman can hear and keep his feelings down and his pride of country cool; then, grandest and pitifulest scene of all, we saw his own pathetic death; and our stillness, as we sat with parted lips and breathless, hanging upon this man’s words, gave us a sense of the awful stillness that reigned in that field of slaughter when that last surviving soul had passed. And now, in this solemn hush, the stranger gave Joan a pat or two on the head and said: “Little maid—whom God keep!—you have brought me from death to life this night; now listen: here is your reward,” and at that supreme time for such a heart-melting, soul-rousing surprise, without another word he lifted up the most noble and pathetic voice that was ever heard, and began to pour out the great Song of Roland! Think of that, with a French audience all stirred up and ready. Oh, where was your spoken eloquence now! what was it to this! How fine he looked, how stately, how inspired, as he stood there with that mighty chant welling from his lips and his heart, his whole body transfigured, and his rags along with it. Everybody rose and stood while he sang, and their faces glowed and their eyes burned; and the tears came and flowed down their cheeks and their forms began to sway unconsciously to the swing of the song, and their bosoms to heave and pant; and moanings broke out, and deep ejaculations; and when the last verse was reached, and Roland lay dying, all alone, with his face to the field and to his slain, lying there in heaps and winrows, and took off and held up his gauntlet to God with his failing hand, and breathed his beautiful prayer with his paling pips, all burst out in sobs and wailings. But when the final great note died out and the song was done, they all flung themselves in a body at the singer, stark mad with love of him and love of France and pride in her great deeds and old renown, and smothered him with their embracings; but Joan was there first, hugged close to his breast, and covering his face with idolatrous kisses. The storm raged on outside, but that was no matter; this was the stranger’s home now, for as long as he might please. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2874/pg2874-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

All Aflame with Love of France

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In the ever-evolving world of decentralized finance (DeFi), distinguishing fleeting trends from genuine investment opportunities requires keen insight. Amidst this dynamic backdrop, Kelp ( ) emerges as a harbinger of innovation, offering early adopters a golden opportunity to partake in what could be the next big leap in DeFi. KELP KELP’s introduction of an AI-driven platform for digital asset management and trading not only sets a new benchmark in the sector but also opens up avenues for exponential returns for those quick to grasp its potential. A Paradigm Shift in DeFi At its core, KELP transcends the conventional boundaries of DeFi through its Autonomous Trading Engine (K.A.T.E.), an designed to automate and optimize trading strategies. This AI-driven approach promises to revolutionize how investors interact with the crypto market, offering a level of analysis, speed, and efficiency previously unavailable to the individual trader. By harnessing the power of AI, KELP aims to democratize trading success, making sophisticated investment strategies accessible to all, irrespective of their market expertise or capital base. artificial intelligence system KELP's Monetary Innovation: A Beacon of Stability In a market characterized by volatility, KELP introduces a designed to stabilize its token value. This forward-thinking approach dynamically adjusts the token's supply based on real-time market conditions, aiming to mitigate the abrupt price fluctuations that often deter would-be investors. This stability is not just a boon for traders but also paves the way for KELP's broader adoption as a reliable medium for transactions and savings, further enhancing its investment appeal. novel monetary policy The Pre-Sale Phenomenon: Timing is Everything The buzz surrounding KELP's presale underscores the crypto community's recognition of its groundbreaking potential. With the presale quickly filling up, the urgency for prospective investors to secure their position at an early stage is palpable. The initial offering price of $0.0082 represents not just an entry point into an innovative DeFi project but an investment in KELP's vision of a more accessible, efficient, and stable financial future. As the sale progresses and the available tokens dwindle, those who act swiftly stand to gain the most from KELP's anticipated ascent in the DeFi marketplace. Why KELP Stands Out Among the Crowd What sets KELP apart is not just its technological prowess but also its comprehensive ecosystem, which is designed to cater to a wide array of DeFi needs. From its decentralized exchange ( ) to staking platforms and beyond, KELP is building a holistic financial environment underpinned by AI's power. This not only enhances the utility and value of the KELP token but also ensures that KELP remains at the forefront of the DeFi evolution, adapting and growing in response to the market's changing needs. DEX A Call to Action for Visionary Investors For visionary investors, KELP represents a confluence of opportunity, innovation, and potential unmatched in the current DeFi landscape. Investing in KELP is more than just a speculative venture; it's a stake in the future of finance, where AI and blockchain technology merge to create more equitable, efficient, and stable financial systems. As the pre-sale forges ahead, the time to join this groundbreaking journey is now. Those who recognize the transformative power of KELP and act with alacrity stand to reap the rewards of being early adopters in a project poised for exponential growth. Seizing the Moment In the realm of cryptocurrency, where the next big thing is always just around the corner, KELP shines as a beacon for those seeking not just to participate in the DeFi revolution but to lead it. The convergence of AI and blockchain technology within KELP's platform offers a rare combination of innovation, utility, and potential for significant returns. As KELP’s presale advances, the window for becoming part of this pioneering venture at an early stage narrows. Investors and crypto enthusiasts are thus urged to seize this golden opportunity, embracing the chance to be at the vanguard of a DeFi evolution that promises not just to change how we trade and invest but to redefine our very understanding of financial empowerment and success. Join the wave of early adopters eyeing exponential returns, and let KELP be your vessel to navigate the promising waters of DeFi's future. Visit today and take the first step towards securing your place in this exciting journey toward reimagining finance. Kelp | | Website Twitter Telegram This story was distributed as a release by BTCWire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here: https://business.hackernoon.com/

Investing in KELP: An Opportunity for Early Adopters Eyeing Exponential Return

KELP-তে বিনিয়োগ করা: প্রারম্ভিক গ্রহণকারীদের জন্য একটি সুযোগ যা সূচকীয় রিটার্নের দিকে নজর দিচ্ছে

In KELP investieren: Eine Chance für Early Adopters, die eine exponentielle Rendite anstreben

Invertir en KELP: una oportunidad para los primeros usuarios que buscan un rendimiento exponencial

Investir dans KELP : une opportunité pour les premiers utilisateurs qui envisagent un rendement exponentiel

केईएलपी में निवेश: शुरुआती अपनाने वालों के लिए एक अवसर जो तेजी से रिटर्न पर नजर रख रहे हैं

KELPへの投資：指数関数的なリターンを狙う早期導入者にとってのチャンス

KELP에 투자: 기하급수적인 수익을 목표로 하는 얼리 어답터를 위한 기회

Investindo no KELP: uma oportunidade para os primeiros usuários que buscam um retorno exponencial

Инвестирование в KELP: возможность для первых пользователей, рассчитывающих на экспоненциальную отдачу

KELP'e Yatırım Yapmak: Üstel Getiri Bekleyen Erken Benimseyenler için Bir Fırsat

Đầu tư vào KELP: Cơ hội cho những người áp dụng sớm hướng tới lợi nhuận theo cấp số nhân

投资 KELP：早期采用者寻求指数回报的机会

ERIK ADOLPH vs. Uber Court Filing, retrieved on July 17, 2023, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 13 of 15. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here F. Uber also cites a number of authorities, but none supports its position. In Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 1756, AFLCIO v. Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 993, 1005, we held that unions do not have standing under PAGA because they are “not employees” and therefore “cannot satisfy the express standing requirements of [PAGA].” Our rejection of associational standing under PAGA has no bearing on the question here. In Robinson v. Southern Counties Oil Co. (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 476, the court held that a plaintiff did not have standing when he brought a PAGA action “based on violations alleged to have occurred after . . . [he] was no longer employed by [the defendant].” (Id. at p. 484.) There, the plaintiff “was not affected by any of the alleged violations” at issue in the case. (Ibid.) In this case, the operative complaint alleges that Adolph was employed by Uber and personally sustained one or more Labor Code violations committed by Uber during the time period applicable to his PAGA action. Uber also relies on Californians for Disability Rights v. Mervyn’s, LLC (2006) 39 Cal.4th 223, where we said that “[f]or a lawsuit properly to be allowed to continue, standing must exist at all times until judgment is entered and not just on the date the complaint is filed.” (Id. at pp. 232–233.) Our holding today is consistent with Mervyn’s. As we explained in Kim, the question of standing is governed by the terms of PAGA. Because a single action may still be maintained when issues comprising the action have been bifurcated into judicial and arbitral forums, the relevant statutory standing requirements are met “on the date the complaint is filed” and thereafter, regardless of whether an aggrieved employee’s individual claims have been sent to arbitration. (Mervyn’s, at p. 233.) Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case S274671 retrieved on September 22, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. courts.ca.gov

The Sources and Authorities Uber Is Citing to Support Their Position

Let's learn about via these 62 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Tech Startups /Learn Repo 1. Unicorn Startup Companies Founded During a Recession The global recession is a turbulence time for all businesses. We have used to be afraid of scenarios that may play out during and after the financial downturn. Different sources define this period as "a significant decline in economic activity, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in the real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales." 2. Clubhouse: The Bomani Effect Clubhouse is an invitation-only, audio chat app, valued in Dec 2020 at $100 million. It is now valued at 1 billion USD since Jan 2021. 3. What Makes A Venture Studio So Successful at Building Startups? As an increasing number of venture studios break into the entrepreneurial scene, it’s time to analyze what makes this model so competitive. 4. A Genius, a Deceiver, or a Naive Dreamer? Deep Tech Explained In 1943, the American aircraft engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson received a call from the Pentagon: the US Air Force needed a fighter jet. Johnson ran Advanced Development Projects (ADP), a closed division of the Lockheed Corporation aircraft manufacturing company. It was located in a separate room, and only employees directly involved in the development of ADP could go in there. 5. D2C 101: Why the Future of Retail is Vertical Commerce and D2C Brands For as long as humanity has existed, so has commerce in the form of sharing, bartering and selling resources. Even before currency in its most rudimentary form has come into existence in Mesopotamia in 3000BC, economies were created through bartering where people would exchange goods/services based on perceived value (Person A would want to sell Item A to Person B who finds Item A valuable in return for Item B which holds more value to Person A than it does to Person B). 6. How to Launch a Successful Startup and Keep it Blooming: 25 Great Tips Learn to think critically about your ideas 7. Low-code for Hackers In recent years Low-code/No-code has become a hot topic. According to that approach an IT-system is developed visually. Conventional wisdom says that building an MVP on low-code is OK, but if something sophisticated and scalable is needed, you have to code it traditionally. These visual tools seem to be very limited. Let me reveal the other side of low-code world, which has no such limits. 8. An insight into Asia's Tech Startup Scene With the boom in technology, tech startups are booming all over the world, especially in the Asian region. In recent years, it has been noticed that startups are growing the track record of success stories in the business world. 9. Why Working in a Startup Is More Rewarding Than a Career in Big-Tech Five reasons of why working in a startup might be more rewarding than position in a big-name company for specialists, who are focused on career achievements. 10. Start with a Prototype, Follow with an MVP and Then Get to the Final Product Your Guide to the Main Stages of Tech Startup Development 11. The Pitch Deck That Makes Investors Say Yes In these uncertain times of Covid-19 and lockdown, it’ll come as no surprise to say that investments, as with everything else, have taken a bit of a hit. In France alone, investment was down 30% in April compared to April 2019. But, not to despair! Despite the current climate, investors are indeed still active. 12. #FoundersConnect: Njoku Emmanuel, the 19-year-old CEO & Co-founder of Lazerpay Interview with Lazerpay co-founder & CEO, Njoku Emmanuel. 13. So You're Planning To Pitch Your Startup W/O a Growth Strategy This Year? A month ago, I had the privilege to chat with a third-time founder with two successful exits under his belt. 14. Valuing Cryptocurrencies: When to Go by Exchange Listing Count and When Not To At the moment, there are more than 1500 cryptocurrencies existing today, with a combined market capitalization of over $18 billion. As the crypto industry progresses at a high pace, investors are constantly willing to trade in this never-sleeping market. In order to be able to participate in cryptocurrency trading, users turn to the so-called exchanges. 15. Why Startups Are Better To Work For Last fall as I started my last year at UCLA, I aggressively applied and interviewed for programming jobs. The decision agonized me for weeks and I devoured career guides and advice. And in the end, I chose a small 50 person startup over exciting companies like Facebook, Stripe, and Cruise. I basically chose less money for more work mostly because it was a startup. 16. Should You Build Your Startup in Public? You have had a great idea, spent some time validating your business idea and are now facing the next questions: How should I approach my building? One of the most used buzzwords in the indie hacker space is “building in public“. It comes in different styles and with different methods. Of course, success in building a side-project publicly also varies. I aim to provide a starting point in this article with a look at methods, platforms, and tools. This blog-post links into the series on introduction in the indie hacker space. 17. Using CI/CD Pipelines to Increase the Speed and Quality of Software Development Continuous Integration & Continuous Delivery in the development process. How the CI/CD pipeline helps create products and implement new features better and fast 18. Startup Interview with Changsu Lee, Allganize's Founder and CEO This interview with Changsu Lee, founder and CEO of Allganize, Inc. goes into details the main reasons why he started his AI NLU company back in 2017. 19. Ayo Akindele, Founder and CEO of Kyshi Interview with Ayo Akindele, of Kyshi, a payment startup for transnational money transactions. 20. Startup Interview with Vivek Khatri, Director & Founder, at Emizen Tech Vivek Khatri, Director and Founder of a Startup of the year nominee Emizen Tech, shares their origin story, why they focus on retention and exciting technology. 21. #FoundersConnect: Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal Conversation with Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal on her interesting life experiences, thoughts of religion, work culture and more! 22. 3 Ways in Which Launching a Startup Is Easier in the Post-COVID Era The post-COVID world is full of global opportunities for early-stage companies to develop and grow. Learn how to build a startup with online tools. 23. #FoundersConnect: Eyitayo Ogunmola, Founder of Utiva, an African Ed-tech Startup I speak with Eyitayo Ogunmola, the CEO of Utiva, an education service for Africans and people of colour entering the tech industry. 24. 5 Productivity Hacks to Get More Done as the Founder of a Startup As a founder of a startup, chances are that you have one thing constantly going on in your mind: getting more work done. 25. How Do You Measure Success? Downloads, Traction, and Revenue MyValet updates car parking and car services to the 21st century. No more paper, no more stamps, no more cash. 26. How to Evaluate New Ideas For Value? It is easy to know the value of a product or service which is used often and is accepted as something worthy to pay for. Everyone agrees gold coins are valuable even if they don’t know the current gold rate in their currency. 27. As the Hype Ends, Brazil's Tech Startup Investment Landscape is Changing for the Better Brazil's become a startup paradise, but the current funding low is leaving its mark. What's in store for the Brazilian startup ecosystem at the end of 2022 28. 5 Challenges Your Cannabis Tech Startup Needs to Solve: 2020 Edition With recreational and medical marijuana legalisation efforts comes great business opportunity, and unsolved problems. As of today, recreational and medical marijuana legalisation efforts have succeeded in multiple jurisdictions across the world, and counting. On the list is Luxembourg to become the first European country to  join the ranks of Canada and U.S. in relaxing weed laws. 29. #FoundersConnect: Bunmi Akinyemiju, Partner at GreenHouse Capital, Former CEO Venture Garden Group I speak with Bunmi Akinyemiju, one of the biggest investors in the African startup space, and Founding Partner at GreenHouse Capital. 30. The 3-Step Process to Hiring a Software Engineer For Your Startup The standard coding interview gauges coding prowess the same way an IQ test gauges intelligence. Basically, barely at all. 31. The Series A Startup Guide to Outstaffing Software Developers This is a quick guide on how to select remote development teams for startups at the Series A stage that may need to add remote engineers to their teams. 32. #FoundersConnect: Ameyaw Debrah, the Founder of Ameyawdebrah.com | Ghanaian Celebrity Blogger Peace has a conversation with Ameyaw Debrah, Ghanaian celebrity blogger and founder of Ameyawdebrah.com, a lifestyle news blog about media, his life, and more. 33. Growing a Startup is all About Decision Making I love reading the insights of successful entrepreneurs contemplating on their decision-making evolution and try to draw insights from my own experience as a startup owner. The more I’m into it, the more I realize that growing a startup is all about decision making. 34. #FoundersConnect: Tosin Faniro-Dada, MD /CEO of Endeavor (Nigeria) Peace has a conversation with Tosin Faniro-Dada, the MD & CEO of Endeavor in Nigeria, about her career and her passion for helping entrepreneurs. 35. #FoundersConnect: Ben Lyon, CEO and CoFounder of Stax, an Offline Payment App for Africans Conversation with Ben Lyon of Hover Developer Services, the parent company of Stax, a simple way to carry out payment services without internet or USSD codes. 36. Meet Clockwise Software Meet Clockwise Software - a Ukrainian JavaScript development company with a head office in Dnipro. 37. [ANN] Pitch.Tech - A Dottech Domains & Startup Grind Competition For Ideapreneurs Win $10,000 in equity-free funding and over $100,000 in startup benefits. 38. Kristina Cahojova, CEO at Kegg.Tech: #MyStartInTech Story In this interview, Kristina Cahojova, CEO of Kegg.Tech talks about how she got her start in the tech world. 39. All the Tech You Need to Start an Online Business New business owners must ensure they have a good foundation of the necessary technologies to run their businesses. 40. What is the Difference Between MVP and POC? In this article, we will look at definitions for MVPs and POCs and the circumstances in which to use them. 41. Tadeas Adamjak from UXtweak Talks About How to "Make Your Websites Better" UXtweak is user experience (UX) research platform providing tools for usability testing, IA research and behavior analysis. Read its origin story and more! 42. Thrilled to be Recognized as a Trending Startup in Jaipur, India Emizentech is recognized as one of the trending startups in Jaipur India in 2022 by Hackernoon. 43. Should I Work At A Startup Or An Established Company? A Company vs A Startup. What’s best? In this article, I review my experience working at both startups and companies to help you determine your best route. 44. #FoundersConnect: Godwin Tom, Serial Entrepreneur, Music Business Mogul & CEO of iMANAGE AFRICA Conversation with Godwin Tom, an expert in music management and CEO of iMANAGE Africa on his journey, his work, and the future. 45. How to Launch a Tech Startup and Raise Financing in the U.S. Starting a tech business in the U.S. can be a challenge and a privilege. While the market is large, the competition is intense and consumer standards are high. 46. Exploring Taiwanese Start Up Culture Following our hiring survey for Taiwan startups, this story discusses how local companies find talent, and the importance of employer branding for scalability. 47. What Are The Most Common Mistakes New Startups Make? Newbie startups fly HIGH and then fall hard! Here’s why. 48. Right Entrepreneur, Right Problem: The First Steps in Startup Building “Focus on getting your MVP’s value proposition incredibly clear. If your grandma doesn’t understand it’s probably not clear.” [49. When We Can Pitch Startups at Events Again, Take These Lessons With You](https://hackernoon.com/when-we-can-pitch-startups-at-events-again-take-these-lessons-with-you-in2jc3yio) Here I am, a twenty-year-old astrophysics student designing satellites to place in orbit around Mars and a self-starter entrepreneur longing to show my baby — nect MODEM — to the earth. I've had a few bumps on the road. Thankfully, I learned a few valuable lessons, and the experience of attending five conferences with my startup as my product made me reflect on a lot I'd like to share with other aspiring startup owners. 50. Taking on “12 Startups in 12 Months” Challenge in 2022 I am doing the 12 Startups in 12 Months challenge starting from January 2022. That means I need to build and launch one startup every single month of 2022! 51. How Tech Companies are Helping in Times of Covid-19 Crisis Since the pandemic COVID-19 is shaking all over the world, several people are dying and facing issues to earn for their livelihood. Well, big tech companies have responded with unusual alacrity and they are helping people during this crisis. 52. How to Negotiate a Letter of Intent (LOI) That Provides a Smooth Acquisition Process The buyer needs to see that there are no hidden surprises waiting for them. 53. Console #16: Fake Like Factories and Surviving the Surveillance Apocalypse 01/05/2020 54. Startups Are Thriving in LA: It's An Entrepreneurial Hot Spot In this article, there are some great insights about the Los Angeles business hub that places it in the lead in the post-pandemic era! 55. Useful Tools To Improve Your Business Performance To improve business performance, a business spends a lot of time, effort, and money unaware of the tools that can help him/her to boost business performance. 56. Product Marketer vs. Growth Marketer vs. Content Marketer: How to Choose Your First Marketing Hire Product, growth, and content marketers all have unique roles to play in your tech startup, but which should you prioritize? This article answers that question. 57. 9 Things I‘ve Learned About Running a Startup Almost 2 years ago, we launched Meddy out of a class project at college. We faced our fair share of challenges from lawsuits to team conflicts to engineering issues etc. 58. 7 Startups Founded During the Pandemic These 7 Startup Founders used the challenges presented by the Covid-19 pandemic to propel them forward. From asynchronous communication apps to a self-sanitizin 59. AI Startup Financing: 6 Best Seed Funding Options in 2022 So you have a new cutting-edge AI product/service idea. 60. The Ideal Tech Co-Founder for Your Startup: Expert Tips to Avoid Odds of Failure in 2021 Choosing a technical co-founder is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as an entrepreneur. 61. Descriptive Analysis: Why Did These 500 Trending Startups Shut Down? Discovering meaningful patterns in business failures. 62. Startup Journey: From Aviation To Fintech The ninth interview in the Startup Journey series: Building an airline out of necessity & an innovative fintech product out of passion Thank you for checking out the 62 most read stories about Tech Startups on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

62 Stories To Learn About Tech Startups

INVENTION, or COMPOSITION

A Treatise on Painting by da Vinci Leonardo, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PROPORTION. here PROPORTION. Chap. I.— What the young Student in Painting ought in the first Place to learn. The young student should, in the first place, acquire a knowledge of perspective, to enable him to give to every object its proper dimensions: after which, it is requisite that he be under the care of an able master, to accustom him, by degrees, to a good style of drawing the parts. Next, he must study Nature, in order to confirm and fix in his mind the reason of those precepts which he has learnt. He must also bestow some time in viewing the works of various old masters, to form his eye and judgment, in order that he may be able to put in practice all that he has been taught. Chap. II.— Rule for a young Student in Painting. The organ of sight is one of the quickest, and takes in at a single glance an infinite variety of forms; notwithstanding which, it cannot perfectly comprehend more than one object at a time. For example, the reader, at one look over this page, immediately perceives it full of different characters; but he cannot at the same moment distinguish each letter, much less can he comprehend their meaning. He must consider it word by word, and line by line, if he be desirous of forming a just notion of these characters. In like manner, if we wish to ascend to the top of an edifice, we must be content to advance step by step, otherwise we shall never be able to attain it. A young man, who has a natural inclination to the study of this art, I would advise to act thus: In order to acquire a true notion of the form of things, he must begin by studying the parts which compose them, and not pass to a second till he has well stored his memory, and sufficiently practised the first; otherwise he loses his time, and will most certainly protract his studies. And let him remember to acquire accuracy before he attempts quickness. Chap. III.— How to discover a young Man’s Disposition for Painting. Many are very desirous of learning to draw, and are very fond of it, who are, notwithstanding, void of a proper disposition for it. This may be known by their want of perseverance; like boys, who draw every thing in a hurry, never finishing, or shadowing. Chap. IV.— Of Painting, and its Divisions. Painting is divided into two principal parts. The first is the figure, that is, the lines which distinguish the forms of bodies, and their component parts. The second is the colour contained within those limits. Chap. V.— Division of the Figure. The form of bodies is divided into two parts; that is, the proportion of the members to each other, which must correspond with the whole; and the motion, expressive of what passes in the mind of the living figure. Chap. VI.— Proportion of Members. The proportion of members is again divided into two parts, viz. equality, and motion. By equality is meant (besides the measure corresponding with the whole), that you do not confound the members of a young subject with those of old age, nor plump ones with those that are lean; and that, moreover, you do not blend the robust and firm muscles of man with feminine softness: that the attitudes and motions of old age be not expressed with the quickness and alacrity of youth; nor those of a female figure like those of a vigorous young man. The motions and members of a strong man should be such as to express his perfect state of health. Chap. VII.— Of Dimensions in general. In general, the dimensions of the human body are to be considered in the length, and not in the breadth; because in the wonderful works of Nature, which we endeavour to imitate, we cannot in any species find any one part in one model precisely similar to the same part in another. Let us be attentive, therefore, to the variation of forms, and avoid all monstrosities of proportion; such as long legs united to short bodies, and narrow chests with long arms. Observe also attentively the measure of joints, in which Nature is apt to vary considerably; and imitate her example by doing the same. Chap. VIII.— Motion, Changes, and Proportion of Members. The measures of the human body vary in each member, according as it is more or less bent, or seen in different views, increasing on one side as much as they diminish on the other. Chap. IX.— The Difference of Proportion between Children and grown Men. In men and children I find a great difference between the joints of the one and the other in the length of the bones. A man has the length of two heads from the extremity of one shoulder to the other, the same from the shoulder to the elbow, and from the elbow to the fingers; but the child has only one, because Nature gives the proper size first to the seat of the intellect, and afterwards to the other parts. Chap. X.— The Alterations in the Proportion of the human Body from Infancy to full Age. A man, in his infancy, has the breadth of his shoulders equal to the length of the face, and to the length of the arm from the shoulder to the elbow, when the arm is bent. It is the same again from the lower belly to the knee, and from the knee to the foot. But, when a man is arrived at the period of his full growth, every one of these dimensions becomes double in length, except the face, which, with the top of the head, undergoes but very little alteration in length. A well-proportioned and full-grown man, therefore, is ten times the length of his face; the breadth of his shoulders will be two faces, and in like manner all the above lengths will be double. The rest will[Pg 6] be explained in the general measurement of the human body. Chap. XI.— Of the Proportion of Members. All the parts of any animal whatever must be correspondent with the whole. So that, if the body be short and thick, all the members belonging to it must be the same. One that is long and thin must have its parts of the same kind; and so of the middle size. Something of the same may be observed in plants, when uninjured by men or tempests; for when thus injured they bud and grow again, making young shoots from old plants, and by those means destroying their natural symmetry. Chap. XII.— That every Part be proportioned to its Whole. If a man be short and thick, be careful that all his members be of the same nature, viz. short arms and thick, large hands, short fingers, with broad joints; and so of the rest. Chap. XIII.— Of the Proportion of the Members. Measure upon yourself the proportion of the parts, and, if you find any of them defective, note it down, and be very careful to avoid it in drawing your own compositions. For this is reckoned a common fault in painters, to delight in the imitation of themselves. Chap. XIV.— The Danger of forming an erroneous Judgment in regard to the Proportion and Beauty of the Parts. If the painter has clumsy hands, he will be apt to introduce them into his works, and so of any other part of his person, which may not happen to be so beautiful as it ought to be. He must, therefore, guard particularly against that self-love, or too good opinion of his own person, and study by every means to acquire the knowledge of what is most beautiful, and of his own defects, that he may adopt the one and avoid the other. Chap. XV.— Another Precept. The young painter must, in the first instance, accustom his hand to copying the drawings of good masters; and when his hand is thus formed, and ready, he should, with the advice of his director, use himself also to draw from relievos; according to the rules we shall point out in the treatise on drawing from relievos. Chap. XVI.— The Manner of drawing from Relievos, and rendering Paper fit for it. When you draw from relievos, tinge your paper of some darkish demi-tint. And after you have made your outline, put in the darkest shadows, and, last of all, the principal lights, but sparingly, especially the smaller ones; because those are easily lost to the eye at a very moderate distance. Chap. XVII.— Of drawing from Casts or Nature. In drawing from relievo, the draftsman must place himself in such a manner, as that the eye of the figure to be drawn be level with his own. Chap. XVIII.— To draw Figures from Nature. Accustom yourself to hold a plummet in your hand, that you may judge of the bearing of the parts. Chap. XIX.— Of drawing from Nature. When you draw from Nature, you must be at the distance of three times the height of the object; and when you begin to draw, form in your own mind a certain principal line (suppose a perpendicular); observe well the bearing of the parts towards that line; whether they intersect, are parallel to it, or oblique. Chap. XX.— Of drawing Academy Figures. When you draw from a naked model, always sketch in the whole of the figure, suiting all the members well to each other; and though you finish only that part which appears the best, have a regard to the rest, that, whenever you make use of such studies, all the parts may hang together. In composing your attitudes, take care not to turn the head on the same side as the breast, nor let the arm go in a line with the leg. If the head turn towards the right shoulder, the parts must be lower on the left side than on the other; but if the chest come forward, and the head turn towards the left, the parts on the right side are to be the highest. Chap. XXI.— Of studying in the Dark, on first waking in the Morning, and before going to sleep. I have experienced no small benefit, when in the dark and in bed, by retracing in my mind the outlines of those forms which I had previously studied, particularly such as had appeared the most difficult to comprehend and retain; by this method they will be confirmed and treasured up in the memory. Chap. XXII.— Observations on drawing Portraits. The cartilage, which raises the nose in the middle of the face, varies in eight different ways. It is equally straight, equally concave, or equally convex, which is the first sort. Or, secondly, unequally straight, concave, or convex. Or, thirdly, straight in the upper part, and concave in the under. Or, fourthly, straight again in the upper part, and convex in those below. Or, fifthly, it may be concave and straight beneath. Or, sixthly, concave above, and convex below. Or, seventhly, it may be convex in the upper part, and straight in the lower. And in the eighth and last place, convex above, and concave beneath. The uniting of the nose with the brows is in two ways, either it is straight or concave. The forehead has three different forms. It is straight, concave, or round. The first is divided into two parts, viz. it is either convex in the upper part, or in the lower, sometimes both; or else flat above and below. Chap. XXIII.— The Method of retaining in the Memory the Likeness of a Man, so as to draw his Profile, after having seen him only once. You must observe and remember well the variations of the four principal features in the profile; the nose, mouth, chin, and forehead. And first of the nose, of which there are three different sorts, straight, concave, and convex. Of the straight there are but four variations, short or long, high at the end, or low. Of the concave there are three sorts; some have the concavity above, some in the middle, and some at the end. The convex noses also vary three ways; some project in the upper part, some in the middle, and others at the bottom. Nature, which seems to delight in infinite variety, gives again three changes to those noses which have a projection in the middle; for some have it straight, some concave, and some convex. Chap. XXIV.— How to remember the Form of a Face. If you wish to retain with facility the general look of a face, you must first learn how to draw well several faces, mouths, eyes, noses, chins, throats, necks, and shoulders; in short, all those principal parts which distinguish one man from another. For instance, noses are often different sorts. Straight, bunched, concave, some raised above, some below the middle, aquiline, flat, round, and sharp. These affect the profile. In the front view there are eleven different sorts. Even, thick in the middle, thin in the middle, thick at the tip, thin at the beginning, thin at the tip, and thick at the beginning. Broad, narrow, high, and low nostrils; some with a large opening, and some more shut towards the tip. The same variety will be found in the other parts of the face, which must be drawn from Nature, and retained in the memory. Or else, when you mean to draw a likeness from memory, take with you a pocket-book, in which you have marked all these variations of features, and after having given a look at the face you mean to draw, retire a little aside, and note down in your book which of the features are similar to it; that you may put it all together at home. Chap. XXV.— That a Painter should take Pleasure in the Opinion of every body. A painter ought not certainly to refuse listening to the opinion of any one; for we know that, although a man be not a painter, he may have just notions of the forms of men; whether a man has a hump on his back, a thick leg, or a large hand; whether he be lame, or have any other defect. Now, if we know that men are able to judge of the works of Nature, should we not think them more able to detect our errors? About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. da Vinci Leonardo (2014). A Treatise on Painting. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/46915/pg46915-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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