These days, there’s an acronym increasingly popular worldwide: CBDCs. Maybe your own country has announced plans to research it or to issue its own “CBDC” / Central Bank Digital Currency. To make it simple, it’s exactly what the name suggests: a digital currency issued by a central bank. But maybe that doesn’t say a lot, right? Perhaps, to some people, it may even sound like a cryptocurrency created by a central bank in some nations. And it’s not that at all.
If we were talking about mere technical aspects, certainly some CBDCs would fall into the “cryptocurrency” definition. Digital coins that are built with cryptography and maybe also Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Money that can be handled independently through an app designed to be sent and received worldwide. However, cryptocurrencies were never about the mere technical aspects.
From Bitcoin, the first-ever cryptocurrency, to the whole and big crypto industry today, they were created to be decentralized money. That means no control, surveillance, censorship, or restriction on your own money by government titans and private financial entities. That’s the raison d'etre of real cryptocurrencies. Meanwhile, CBDCs have a completely different agenda by being, indeed, fully controlled by governments and financial entities. Let’s dive a bit into this polemical topic.
As of November 2023, according to the
The Bahamas was the first one, issuing the__Sand Dollar__ in 2020. In technical terms, this is a customized token built on a private DLT created by the company NZIA Limited. It can be used nationwide like any other payment method (like the Bahamian Dollar itself) through a mobile app (Android or iOS) or with a physical card. That’s after the KYC (identification) process, of course. The Sand Dollar isn’t anonymous at all, and none of the CBDCs are meant to be.
Changchun Mu, the Director-General of the Digital Currency Institute at the People’s Bank of China (PBC), published
So, CBDCs seem like a handy payment method, still strictly national (because of laws around international transactions) and not anonymous. Controllable. Also, surrounded by some
“Why do we need CBDCs in the first place?” the people may wonder. Cryptocurrencies offer, among other things, decentralization and international payments, while current CBDCs offer none of it. The European Central Bank (ECB), another institution preparing a CBDC (the digital euro), delivered
“A digital euro would make people’s lives easier by providing something that does not currently exist: a digital means of payment universally accepted throughout the euro area, for payments in shops, online or from person to person. Like cash, a digital euro would be risk-free, widely accessible, user-friendly, and free for basic use.”
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Exactly, like cash. Even in China, governments are insisting that CBDCs are not meant to replace the truly private and good old cash, but only to be an online complement. The problem is that, in the process, all transactions will be recorded and kept by the government. They, in theory, could do whatever they want with them. They could use that knowledge and that level of control to serve their own agenda. For the “greater good” —yes, like a supervillain.
The Libertarian CATO Institute
Negative interest rates, a novel concept with CBDCs aiming to stimulate spending, might lead to financial losses for individuals.
Beyond individual concerns, CBDCs pose threats to the broader financial landscape, potentially reducing credit availability, challenging traditional banks, and countering the rise of more secure and decentralized cryptocurrencies. Indeed, regarding security, the central storage of financial information in CBDC systems increases the vulnerability to cyberattacks and serious data breaches. The whole landscape and potential risks just don’t look good.
CBDCs and cryptocurrencies diverge fundamentally in their operational principles. A CBDC is a direct liability of the central bank, establishing a digital tether between citizens and the government. This model raises concerns about privacy and freedom with few benefits.
Among those benefits is the fact that CBDCs would be more “secure” than money in a private bank. Since it's a direct liability of the central bank, not of a commercial bank, there would be no risk of losing your savings if the commercial bank goes bankrupt. The latter scenario almost happened recently, indeed, with the Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in the United States.
On the other hand, cryptocurrencies are decentralized digital currencies facilitated by private and distributed actors in the market. They operate without a central authority. Bitcoin and
The supply and, therefore, the price are also quite different. CBDCs, meant to be limitless and pegged to the “original” currency, could lose value over time due to inflation. For their part, cryptocurrencies tend to be designed with a fixed supply to avoid inflation and, depending on the market demand, increase or stabilize their price over time. Of course, this also implies a lot of volatility issues in the middle but a major level of user control.
As we also mentioned earlier, security is also a concern. Cryptocurrencies run on numerous, equally-treated nodes worldwide, while CBDCs would be fully controlled by one entity, so they'd have a single point of failure. They’d be vulnerable to more cyberattacks this way.
In essence, CBDCs and cryptos represent opposing approaches to the concept of digital currency, one centralized and government-controlled, the other decentralized and market-driven. We can say that regulated coins like these could offer their advantages too (user-friendliness, centralized services, credit points, etc.), but not without the price of at least some of your liberties.
We were talking about CBDCs and their potential risks, but if you want to preserve full control over your funds in a decentralized manner, you should always ask yourself if your money is really yours —no matter the storage or payment method.
Some questions could help you to define that: could your funds be frozen, seized, or restricted by an intermediary? If you wanted to move that money from one account to another, could you do it easily, without paperwork, even if it’s a large amount? Is someone, institutional or not, checking and reporting your transactions? Can you do whatever you want with your money without permission?
Cryptocurrencies, just by offering you a simple private key (some secret words), offer all the liberties that CBDCs and traditional money can’t. By using them correctly, you can avoid censorship, external control, and limits (of space, time, and amounts). The only thing you must do is secure your private keys, something not always offered by crypto exchanges and other centralized crypto services, by the way. Remember this motto: not your keys? Not your coins.
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