7 Programming Concepts Everyone Should Know (With Code)

Hi Folks , Hope you all programming geeks are doing good. Today, we will discuss about the basic programming design principles and concepts that everyone should be aware about while developing a software . Well, Software Development ain’t easy. Programming/coding can be a real daunting task if not done in the right way. Hope you guys will like this post . So, without wasting time lets get started . [ i will be using JavaScript in here but you can use whatever language you are comfortable with ! ]

In this post, we will discuss about :

1. Classes and Objects

2. Constructors

3. Static Methods

4. Recursion

5. Loops

6. OOPS

7. Libraries/Modules/Packages (All mean the same thing)

Classes and Object:

A class is a blueprint for creating objects . It has member functions and member variables. And an object is an instance of class . One can access class member functions and variables with the help of object .

Constructor :

It is a special method that is used to initialize the newly created object and is called just after the memory is allocated by the object.

class Person{
    constructor(name){
        console.log('Hello from' + ' ' + name);
    }    
}
const p = new Person('karan'); // Output Hello from karan 

Static Methods / Static Functions

They are indeed one of the most important methods that i use . They belong to the class itself. They can be used without the instance (object) of a class. They don’t modify the behaviour of our class but is very powerful when want to view certain data etc Just add static in-front of a function .

Recursion :

Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself . Their is a termination condition called the base condition which stops the recursive action .

class MathematicalOperation{
    constructor(){
        console.log('Mathmatetical operation class');
    }
    square(x){
        return x*x;
    }
    factorial(x){
        if(x==0 || x==1){
            return 1;
        }
        return x*this.factorial(x-1); 
    }
    static available_methods(){
        console.log('This class has two methods. Square and factorial.');
    }
}

const m = new MathematicalOperation; // output Mathmatetical operation class
console.log(m.square(5)); // output 25
console.log(m.factorial(5)); // output 120
MathematicalOperation.available_methods(); // his class has two methods. Square and factorial.

Loops :

Loops in programming languages is a feature which facilitates the execution of a set of instructions repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true.

a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];
// For of Loop  
for (let i of a){
	console.log(i);
}
// While loop
let j = 0;  
while(j < 10){	 
 console.log(a[j]);
	j++;
}

OOPS (Object Oriented Design)

It is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. Main Components of OOPS are Encapsulation , Abstraction , Inheritance and Polymorphism . Lets look at them closely —

Encapsulation: Encapsulating every thing about an entity inside a class. ie. Putting functions and data members inside a class.

Abstraction: Abstraction is a very important concept in oops . It simply means that you are hiding the important things inside the class and provides only the necessary or relevant information that you want to show through a object . (It hides the details of implementation)

Inheritance : It is a concept where a class acquire properties of a child class . We can extend this child class and use already defined methods that are in the base class / Parent class . The main purpose of inheritance is to provide reusable code and help you achieve DRY

class Person{
    constructor(name,gender){
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
    }
    getPersonName(){
        return this.name;
    }
    getPersonGender(){
        return this.gender;
    }
}

class Male extends Person{
    constructor(name){
        super(name,"male");
    }
}

class Female extends Person{
    constructor(name){
        super(name,"female");
    }
}

// creating objects ... 
const m = new Male("karan");
const f = new Female("Anna");

// checking results ... 
console.log(m.getPersonGender()); // male
console.log(m.getPersonName()); // karan
console.log(f.getPersonGender()); // female
console.log(f.getPersonName()); // Anna

Polymorphism: It generally means ability to take many forms . There are generally 2 types of Polymorphism — compile time and run time .

1 . Compile time : Function Overloading is an example of compile time polymorphism. Same function name different parameter data types .

2. Run time : Function Overriding is an example of run time polymorphism . Let’s look at an example.

class Overriding{
	print(){
		console.log('this is print function');
	}
	print(){
		console.log('this will override the above print function');
	}
}

const override = new Overriding();
override.print(); // output : this will override the above print function

Library / Package / Module (All mean the same thing ):

It is just a function or list of functions that are wrapped around or are written for repetitive work . Generally, SDE either worked with libraries or they create their own . Automating the boiler plated code .[ Most Important ]. Every programmer should know how to create a library else he would spent a lot of time in writing same code again and again and again and again ….

That’s it for this post. I hope you liked it . Once again, thank you for taking your time and reading this post. Good bye | Take Care | and keep coding